chapter 6 test Flashcards
Juveniles are not as likely to commit a crime as are likely to be a victim of a crime
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Definition of delinquency:
- Imprecise, nebulous, social, clinical, and legal label
- A violation against the criminal code defined by state or federal law by an individual who is not yet an adult
- Can include status offenses
Leober says about child delinquents as opposed to teenage delinquents
child delinquents are two or three times more likely to become serious violent or chronic offenders, than those who begin in their teens
Social definitions of delinquency:
- Aggressive behavior,
- truancy,
- petty theft,
- vandalism,
- or drug abuse
Some social workers may put them on information probation so that they may avoid going to court and becoming an adjudicated delinquent, other things to avoid court may be treatment, restitution, or community service
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Psychological definitions:
CD, antisocial behavior,
CD ( habitual misbehavior)/occured before age ten (childhood onset type) occurred after age ten( adolescent onset type)
Antisocial behavior (serious habitual misbehavior) APD is reserved for adults who continue the behavior
Nature and extent of juvenile offending
- In 2000 more than 30 million youth were under juvenile jurisdiction, 80% were between 10-15 years of age
- Most juvenile cases involve sex offending or violence
Reasons for female violence:
- Peer violence (self defense, in sexual or bullying situations)
- Violence within schools(anger or frustration with administration or teachers)
- Violence within disadvantaged neighborhoods ( frustration and fear of being victimized)
- Girls in gangs (what is expected or for the above peer reasons)
- Family violence( violence against parents or siblings)
More on status offenses:
- Runaway figures ar = for girls and boys
- Women who run away have usually been victimized and usually become prostitutes. 92% have been emotionally or physically abused or sexually abused. 25% report being shot or stabbed
- Boys and girls were often taught different things in regarding their aggression, it was socialized
Developmental theories of delinquency:
The earlier on the antisocial behavior starts the more severe it will be
Moffit’s developmental pathway theory: 2 pathways
First developmental path
1. Children started delinquency an adult crime at as early as age 3 or younger
( biting and hitting at 4, shoplifting and truancy at 10, seeing drugs and stealing cars at 16, rape and robbery at 22, and fraud and child abuse at 30)
- Second developmental path
Begin in their adolescents and stop usually after 18. (AL) adolescent limited offenders
Coercion developmental theory:
- (poor parental monitoring of children and activities, disruptive family transitions, and inconsistent discipline are major contributors to this issue)
- Gerald patterson
- Believes it starts early on too for worse affects but believes that most of the blame is on the characteristics of the parenting not on the child
- When a child is brought up in an environment where they must use coercive behaviors to get what they want thats when the temper tantrums and so on start up
- A child and a parent constantly act in a way that is obnoxious to the other in order to get the other to do what they want them to do. The child will learn this is what works and apply it to the outer world.
Characteristics of a successful program
- Promote competence in social and academic worlds in a wide array of situations for the child either in school or family.
- Begin early( before age 8, preferably no later than first grade) (there seems to be a mysterious jump from first to second grade so anything after second grade must be more intensive) (children who grow up in economically deprived areas will be more aggressive earlier)
- Follow developmental principals: protective factors must be constantly present at transition from early folate adolescence and not simply in place at a single point in childhood or adolsecncee, especially when the child continues to live a dangerous social, physical and emotional environment
- Focus on multiple settings and systems: prenatal and paranatel medical care as well as intensive health edictain for pregnant or young moms. There is a link between high levels o f lead I bones of children and aggression,
- Acknolwdge and respect cultural backgrounds: values and cultural background that could play as a huge protective factor. Some cultures may see poverty differently( something to overcome or something that is a fact of life, other may see it as a sign of oppression)
- Focus on the family first: make sure they are receiving adequate love and care from family members, try to avoid putting antisocial peers together in a space this will excabervate the problem
- Classification of prevention and intervention programs:
Classification of prevention an intervention program:
3 main sections
- Primary prevention (universal prevention)
- Selective prevention (secondary prevention)
- Treatment or intervention tertiary prevention)
Primary prevention:
Prevent delinquent behavior before signs occur
Occurs before the age of 8
Include maternal care class, prenatal care, and nutrition education
Proactive factors are built up
1. The enhancement and development of resilience
Made up of ordinary rather than extraordinary processes
Programs that emphasize social
competence improve childbearing practices foster effective social support
Resilience comes from developing the Childs strengths and interest and reduction of risk and stressors
Prominent resilience in girls academics and esireto go to college
Caring adults
Selective or secondary prevention:
Working with specific children adoslecenets who are at high risk and who display some early signs of antisocial behavior but have not yet been classified or adducted delinquent by the court
Isolate na label children which may create a self fulfilling prophecy
tertieary prevention
Treatment or intervention in dleincey literature
Four resilience factors
- Postive peer relation
- Self efficacy
- Creativity
- Coherence
The thing that pushed it over the edge was that they let them touch base with their identity culturally
Selective prevention:
Best when multple risk factors are addressed
The fast track experiment:
Multicomponent prevention program for young children at tis for antisocial behavior
Two pronged project for
Elementary school
Adolescent periods
Treatment approaches:
Treatment that focuses on self regaltuon aspeciffially in family peer and school For serious juvenile offenders such as residential treatment or incarceration
Not useful as they don’t address the issue or altar the natural ecology that the youth will return to
LCPs life course offenders (serious delinquent offenders have had little success historically
Treatment on adolescent or mild offenders have not worked on LCPs
Don’t be too simplistic and ignore the factors that might effect the person like family peers school and community)
Many communities unwittingly promote antisocial behavior
Traditional residential treatment:
Where youths are incarerctaed for extended periods of time and often until they reach adulthood
Youths in residential treatment have higher rates of substance abuse emotional disturbance and low academic achievement
Nontraditional residential treatment:
Less restrivcigve physical settings
Serious crimes but less violent
Camps or bootcamps is the best.
As well as RNR(risks, needs, responssity)
Delinquent youth who require more restrictive settings usually placed in a residential facility where group therapy is more common than individual counseling
Restrictive interventions:
For serious juvenile offenders such as residential treatment or incarceration
Not useful as they don’t address the issue or altar the natural ecology that the youth will return to
LCPs life course offenders (serious delinquent offenders have had little success historically
Treatment on adolescent or mild offenders have not worked on LCPs
Don’t be too simplistic and ignore the factors that might effect the person like family peers school and community)
Many communities unwittingly promote antisocial behavior
Traditional residential treatment:
Where youths are incarerctaed for extended periods of time and often until they reach adulthood
Youths in residential treatment have higher rates of substance abuse emotional disturbance and low academic achievement
Nontraditional residential treatment:
Less restrivcigve physical settings
Serious crimes but less violent
Camps or bootcamps
Boot camps:
Developed in the 1980’s for adult offenders a structured alternative for prison
For juveniles theydidnt adopt it very quickly because they weren’t sure if it would work and if its ethical
For children 13-18
What they hoped would come from this:
- Coset effective alternative to instatiionalizing
- Promote discipline though physical conditioning and teamwork
- Instil moral values and work ethic
- Promote literacy and increase academic aecheivment
- Recude drug and alcohol abuse
- Encourage participants to become productive, law abiding citezins
- Ensure that offenders are held accountable for their actions
90 day residential program that heavily focused on military drills, discipline, and physical consignationin.
The its ha committing a wire eabfe of offenses ,including drug, and other felonies, but excluding violent offenses
Too much violence led to the disbanding of these places in the 2000’s
There are some that still exist but they are very diaspoinig as farms recidivism goes
The wilderness and adventure programs:
Different from boot camps in that they are privately operated and generally more along the lines of activities offered to juvenile offenders
Some accept sex offenders but most don’t
Support of one another is promoted so peer to peer relationships form and they are able to better develop positive social skills
They have some positive report on them but there were no controlled comparison studies done so nothing can really be said
Multi systematic therapy(MST)( Scott Henggeler):
For serious juvinile offenders which is responsive ti many of the social systems influencing the child’s delinquent behavior
Family must be actively in the program
Therapists have daily contact with the adolescent and the parents for 60 hrs over four months
Four to six families per counselor
Work with targeted youth , decrease bad peer influences and increase good working with the adoeslecent
This decreased likelihood of arrest by 64% within a 59 week follow up
On a long term point of view the MST theory reduced dearest violent crime by 63% after a 4 year follow-up
For another one after 14 years later, it showed that a good many more people given MST therapy had lower rates of recidivism than did the people who received individual therapy (50%-81%)as well as having a 57% fewer days of confinement in adult correctional facilities and 54% fewer arrests
It is still effective, most recently being shown to be effective with sex offenders
status offenses on the decline
underage drinking
adulthood and legality
- some are adults in stats at 18, 16, and depending as young as 7
- under federal law juveniles are can be tried at age 15
child delinquents are those between
7-12
child delinquents handled in courts has increased by
33 percent within the last decade
children under (. ) makeup (. )% of arrests
13, 9
Unlawful acts committed by delinquents are
- Unlawful acts against persons
- Unlawful acts against property
- Drug offenses
- Offenses against the public order
- Staus offenses
Only four types of offenses in states offenses are tabulated by national center for juvenile justice these are
- Running away
- Truancy
- Ungovernability
- Underage drinking
Girls are more likely to be arrested as runaways than boys even today
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the status offense laws are under fire in some states and many have done away with them but some still see the benefit in detaining offenders to protect them from either themselves or others behavior this would be under the PINS or CHINS laws (person or child in need of supervision)
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A person under this may not have committed a comparable crime but were put under the jurisdiction of family court systems but their parents usually
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serious offense committing delinquents
- Most delinquents won’t commit serious offenses but the small percentage who do and do a lot go undetected, there is high recidivism
- Those who do this often had bad grades poor social skill and showed signs early on
- Rarely restrict themselves to one type of offense
gender differences in juvenile offending
- Males outweighed females in violent offenses 9 to 1
- Now a 6 to 1 ratio for part 1 violent crimes
- They thought it was biological but now not so sure
The GSG (girl study group) wants to answer these questions:
- Which girls become delinquent
- What factors protect them
- What factors put them at risk
- What pathways lead to this
- What factors are most effective in stopping this
GSG reports that girls that reported having caring adults in their lives were less likely to commit a crime or be a part of a gang
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implications of the first developmental pathway Moffit makes
- referred to as life-course-persistant(LCP),
- exhibit neurological problems like temper difficulty as infants ADHD and learning problems.
- LCP children miss oppurtunites to learn social behavior because their peers don’t like them, parents teachers and caretakers give on them
- If certain learning milestones are not mastered within childhood they will have diffulclty later on
- Antisocial behavior early on is likely to lead to a cascade of issues later on which may lead to secondary problems and LCP’s usually increase their offending later on
- Antisocial children affiliate with antisocial peers
implications of the second moffit pathway
AL and LCP offenders are similar during adolescents in severity of violence and criminal behavior
Most AL children are more likely to engage crimes that symbolize adult privilege such as vandalism, drug and alcohol offenses, theft and status offenses. They are likely to stop thought when prosocial behavior becomes more beneficial such as getting a job going to college or entering a good relationship
AL children have the opportunity in early childhood to benefit and learn from what they have so that they may use those things to better their lives as they age and this is something LCP children often don’t have.
Some AL children continue into adulthood as late as 25
4 types of children from these two pathways
A) AL offender
B) AL who continues into early adulthood and stops
C) early onset LCP
D) late onset LCP
Gender differences theory of development and criminal behavior:
- The vast majority of female offenders fit AL
- Other researchers have found that only 1.4% of girls followed a early onset LCP profile
- Association with delinquent peers appears to be important as a factor among adolescent girls, as well as an intimate relationship with a male delinquent
- Some say that the aggression in adooslecnt behavior is the same with boys and girls and others argue that girls start that later in adolescents, some say this because girls are socialized earlier not to act on aggressive feelings
- Leve and chamberlain found that a high percentage of girls could be considered antisocial before age 10, 23% of girls were arrested by age 11 and 71% before age 14
- Divorce, separation, death, and incarceration of parents as well as biological predispositions were strong predictors of antisocial and criminality in girls
- Gorman and loeber found that girls follow the same developmental path to delinquency as boys
- Fewer females get involved in antisocial behavior but their paths seem to match up to boys, however they may be set off more by occurrences having to do with relationships, such as a divorce or an involvement with an antisocial man
2 pathways toward antisocial behavior and where they come from
- Leads to an early arrest
- Onset r adult arrest
Both the product of social environmental influences such as divorce, poverty, or parental depression
3 variables that separate early form late onset trajectory:
- Early begins in preschool years late begins in midadolsecnece
- Inept parenting is more severe for early onset than it is for late onset
- Social incompetence is more severe for early onset than late
Gender differences:
Parents are more coercive with boys which may make them more aggressive more often
Girls are less likely to be around peers early on that are anticscla so when they o start to exhibit that behavior it is more likely it will be in their adolescence
Other developmental theories:
There may be as many as six different developmental pathways the lead to antisocial behavior
Prevention, intervention, and treatment of juvenile offending:Treatment and rehabilitation strategies;
- Children have little to no trust for the person that is working with them and they may become aggressive
- Not easily reusable even though there are many programs to do so
abrahams real time
- they moved from ur to haran around 2000 bce. middle bronze age; period of change because of amorites
- amorites were dimorphic (they existed un urban and nonurban areas) semitic, nomadic, tribal whose livestock was sheep, goat, did business with urban areas between their seasonal pasturage
- cannot find archeological or epigraphic about abraham and his desceendents. the patricarchial society reflects the bronze age 2, this is why we assume they lived around this time.
abrahams real space
- good moves them from ur to haran to canaan after terah dies.
- yaweh promises numerous offsrping in covenantal language as well as fame, for the patriarch
- laid the groundwork for the patrairchs described and yaweh and isreal, promise of a people ( great nation) and a promised place (a land which will show you)
nature of abrahams covenant significance of circumcission
- different from suzerain/vassal agreement, abraham wasn’t required much but god gves much. individuals not nations, gift of land and office “covennet of grant” or “royal grant”
- god as the suzerain will be the one to be punished if it is broken, he would shed his own blood for this
- israel circumsized babies as a mark of yaweh’s election of abrahams offsrping not a rite of passage
- covenant to all simply because they were descendents of abraham. no child had to be allegiant, child of the promise.
