chapter 1

Question 1

antisocial behavior

Answer 1

includes both the legal designation and criminal behavior, and the actions that violate standards of society but are undetected by law enforcement

Question 2

classical theory

Answer 2

theoretical thinking, which emphasizes free will as the hallmark of human behavior

Question 3

clearance rate

Answer 3

an offense is cleared when at least one person is arrested, charged with the commission of the offense and remanded to the court for prosecution

Question 4

cognition

Answer 4

refer to the attitudes, beliefs, values, and thoughts that a person holds about the social environment, interrelations, human nature, and him-or herself

Question 5

conformity perspective

Answer 5

views humans as creatures of conformity who want to do the “right” thing

Question 6

criminal profiling

Answer 6

refers to the process of identifying personality traits, behavioral tendencies, geographic location, and demographic variables of an offender based on characteristics of the crime

Question 7

criminology

Answer 7

is the multidisciplinary study of crime

Question 8

dark figure

Answer 8

the overall number of criminal offenses that go undetected or are unknown by law enforcement agencies

Question 9

developmental approach

Answer 9

examines the changes and influences across a person’s lifetime that may contribute to formation of antisocial and criminal behavior, sometimes called “risks factors.”

Question 10

difference in degrees

Answer 10

human beings may be placed along a continuam consisting of all animals in the known universe

Question 11

difference in kind

Answer 11

humans are distinctly different from other animals-spiritually, and mentally, noteworthy neurobiologists and pioneer brain researchers, such as sir John eccles.

Question 12

differential association theory

Answer 12

criminal behavior is learned, as is all social behavior

Question 13

dispositions

Answer 13

or personality traits that psychologists they could use to understand human behavior

Question 14

hate crime statistics act

Answer 14

requires data collection of violent attacks, intimidation arson, or property damage that are directed at a person or group of persons because of race, religion, sexual orientation

Question 15

hierarchy rule

Answer 15

stipulates that when a number of offenses have been committed during a series, only the more serious offense is included in the UCR data

Question 16

index crimes

Answer 16

serious crimes or part 1 crimes, considered indicators of the crime problem in the United States

Question 17

intimate partner violence

Answer 17

commuted primarily against women, women are the victims 85% pf the time and 22% of crimes on women are this type, 20-24 year olds are more likely to experience this, black women experience this at a 35% higher rate than white women do

Question 18

just world hypothesis

Answer 18

things do not just happen without reason that is closely related to ones actions

Question 19

learning perspective

Answer 19

human beings are neutral, neither inherently good or bad

Question 20

national crime victimization survey( NCVS)

Answer 20

the source of victimization data based on interviews on the phone or in person. domestic violence is common to hear about, and demographic differences are there often.

Question 21

national incident based reporting system (NIBRS)

Answer 21

helped into structure by the uniform crime reporting system , all agencies within the department of defense must collect and report data to the fbi on two cataegoresi of offenses. group A which includes 46 serious offenses and group B which includes 11 less serious offenses

Question 22

nonconformist perspective

Answer 22

assumes that human beings are undisciplined creatures ruled by carnal desire. without restrictions placed on them by society, they will commit crime by their nature

Question 23

non index crimes

Answer 23

non serious crimes or part 2 crimes

Question 24

part 1 crimes

Answer 24

other name for index crimes which are subdivided into the violent and property offenses

Question 25

part 2 crimes

Answer 25

only arrest data comes up for part 2 crimes or nonferrous crimes

Question 26

positive theory

Answer 26

prior experiences determine present behavior

Question 27

psychiatric criminology

Answer 27

diverse, increasingly research based, and incredibly less steeped in the traditional belief that criminals are acting out their uncontrolled animalistic, unconscious, or biological urges

Question 28

psychological criminology

Answer 28

the science and behavior of mental processes in the person who commits a crime

Question 29

social control theory

Answer 29

crime and delinquency occur when an individual's ties to the conventional order or normative standards are weak or largely nonexistent

Question 30

social learning theory

Answer 30

the learning perspective exemplified, like imitation of models and whatnot

Question 31

sociological criminology

Answer 31

examines the relationships of demographic and group variables to crime

Question 32

status offenses

Answer 32

behaviors that are not technically crimes but are forbidden to juveniles

Question 33

strain theory

Answer 33

fundamentally conforming beings who are strongly influenced by the values and attitudes of the society in which they live

Question 34

theory verification

Answer 34

the process of theory testing

Question 35

traits

Answer 35

like behavioral traits that may display a tendency toward something

Question 36

uniform crime reporting (UCR)

Answer 36

the most cited source of US crime statistics and is designed by the fbi. publishes annual documents containing accounts of crimes known to police and information on arrests received on a voluntary basis from local and sate law enforcement agencies throughout the United States

Question 37

uniform crime reports

Answer 37

annual national statistical report on crime

Question 38

the difference between psychological criminology and sociological criminology

Answer 38

the psychological is based on the mindset of the criminal the sociological is based on the demographic and group variables

Question 39

the three perspectives of human nature

Answer 39

1. conformity perspective 2. nonconformist perspective 3. learning perspective

Question 40

three methods of measuring crime and examples

Answer 40

1. uniform crime reporting 2. national incident based reporting system 3. national crime victimization survey

Question 41

strengths and weaknesses of self-report survey's

Answer 41

strengths=you can get a lot of information about a lot of people quicker. sometimes more accurate information because people may have broken the law and not been caught for it weaknesses=people may not be truthful with their reporting of themselves. they may forget things they've done.

Question 42

whats different between status offenses and others

Answer 42

status offenses only affect juveniles and cannot be called a crime later in life. status offenses include running away from home, curfew violations, underage drinking, skipping school regularly, and in some states incorrigibility