Chapter 2

Question 1

attachment theory 40

Answer 1

John Bowlby’s theory that the relationship between an infant and caregiver largely determines the quality of social relationships later in life

Question 2

attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) 47

Answer 2

also called, minimal brain dysfunction, hyperkinesis, attention deficit disorder, or currently. characterized by 1. inattention, 2. impulsivity, 3. excessive motor activity

Question 3

Authoritarian style 36

Answer 3

parental style of trying to shape, control, and evaluate the behavior of their children in accordance with some pre-established, absolute standard.

Question 4

Authoritative style 37

Answer 4

parents with this style try to direct their children’s activities in a rational, issue-oriented manner.

Question 5

Conduct Disorder 49

Answer 5

represents a cluster of behaviors characterized by persistent misbehavior

Question 6

developmental pathways 28

Answer 6

characteristics of which often can be identified at a very early age

Question 7

enmeshed style 38

Answer 7

parental style when they see an unusually large number of miner behaviors as problematic, and they use ineffective, authoritarian, strategies to deal with them

Question 8

jails 46

Answer 8

recent estimates show that at least 4% of the prison population qualify as being mentally disabled. jails are believed to hold an even higher percentage

Question 9

language impairment 44

Answer 9

significant poor language development during the second year of life was a significant predictor of adult criminal behavior

Question 10

lax style 38

Answer 10

lax parents are not sufficiently attuned to what constitutes problematic or antisocial behavior in children

Question 11

neglecting style 37

Answer 11

parents demonstrate a detachment and very little involvement in their children’s life or activities

Question 12

parental monitoring 39

Answer 12

refers to parents awareness of their child’s peer associates, free time activities, and physical whereabouts, when outside the home

Question 13

parental practices 36

Answer 13

the strategies employed by parents to achieve specific, academic, social, or athletic goals across different contexts and situations

Question 14

parental styles 36

Answer 14

refer to parent-child interactions characterized by parental attitudes toward the child and the emotional climate of the parent-child relationship

Question 15

permissive style 37

Answer 15

display tolerant, nonpunitive, accepting attitudes toward their children’s behavior, including expressions of aggressive and sexual impulses

Question 16

psychometric approach 44

Answer 16

searches for unique differences in persons through the use of psychological tests, including intelligence tests, scholastic aptitude tests, school achievement tests, personality inventories, and other specific abilities tests.

Question 17

psychometric intelligence 44

Answer 17

preferred by psychologists as a test of intelligence instead of the intelligence quotient (IQ) test

Question 18

3 categories of risk factors listed in chapter 2

Answer 18

1. social
2. parental and family
3. psychological

Question 19

difference between ADHD and conduct disorder

Answer 19

children with ADHD are not being directly and purposefully disruptive. they are hyperactive and inattentive but this is not for the sake of chaos.

Question 20

how can preschool influence crime in delinquency

Answer 20

if children are rejected by their peers early on when they should be learning to empathize and relate to others this will be stunted and may cause some substantial issues later on in their lives. and if care is inadequate this can also cause developmental issues

Question 21

description of Baumrind’s four parental styles

Answer 21

authoritarian: to shape and control a child’s life
permissive: no control and extremely few restrictions
authoritative: to be rational and apply reasonable restrictions
neglecting: detached and unengaged in a child’s life

Question 22

what is attachment theory and how does it relate to juvenile delinquency and adult criminal behavior

Answer 22

the level of attachment and relationship you have with your parents greatly affects the regulation of your emotions and adult relations.

many victims of interpersonal violence are part of the violent offender’s attachment network. fear of loss or separation, can generate strong feelings of anxiety and rage in the offender, often resulting in violent actions

Question 23

self-regulation 48

Answer 23

refers to the ability to control behavior

Question 24

psychometric testing relies on what four tests alongside others

Answer 24

1. scholastic aptitude tests
2. intelligence tests
3. personality inventory
4. school achievement test