Chapter 4 Flashcards
behaviorism 86
invented by John B. Watson,the theory that human and animal behavior can be explained in terms of conditioning, without appeal to thoughts or feelings, and that psychological disorders are best treated by altering behavior patterns.
classical conditioning 87
watson was greatly influenced by this invented by Ivan Pavlov. a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.
cognitive learning 91
is a type of learning that is active, constructive, and long-lasting
cognitive processing 86
involved in producing and understanding linguistic communication, knowledge, noesis. the psychological result of perception and learning and reasoning.
crimes of obedience 99
an act performed in response to orders from authority that is considered illegal or immoral by the larger community
deindividuation 102
based on the classic crowd theory by gustav le bon. a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention
dependent variable 88
is a concept in social psychology that is generally thought of as the loss of self-awareness in groups, although this is a matter of contention
differential association-reinforcement (DAR) 94
s a theory developed by Edwin Sutherland proposing that through interaction with others, individuals learn the values, attitudes, techniques, and motives for criminal behavior.
discriminative stimuli 96
social signals transmitted by subcultural or peer groups to indicate whether certain kinds of behavior will be rewarded or punished within a particular social context
expectancy theory 93
assumes that behavior results from conscious choices among alternatives whose purpose it is to maximize pleasure and minimize pain. … Vroom realized that an employee’s performance is based on individuals factors such as personality, skills, knowledge, experience and abilities.
extinction 90
an organism receives noxious or painful stimuli as consequences of behavior, such as being slapped or hit for “being bad”
frustration 96
an aversive internal state of arousal
fundamental attribution error 99
refers to a common human tendency to discount the influence of the situation and explain behavior by referring to the personality of the actor instead
imitational learning 93
is an advanced behavior whereby an individual observes and replicates another’s behavior.
independent variable 88
a variable (often denoted by x ) whose variation does not depend on that of another.
