Chapter 3

Question 1

ambiversion 71

Answer 1

the middle range of the two extremes that are introversion and extroversion

Question 2

biopsychologists 53

Answer 2

psychologists who study the biological aspects of behavior

Question 3

concordance 55

Answer 3

the genetics term for the degree to which related pairs of subjects both show a particular condition or behavior

Question 4

extraversion 71

Answer 4

also named by neuroticism and psychoticism, is a higher order for temperament. a person who’s sensory factors are not as acute so they seek out higher stimulation

Question 5

fraternal twins (dizygotic twins) 54

Answer 5

develop in two different fertilized eggs and are no more genetically alike than two non-twin siblings

Question 6

identical twins (zygotic twins) 54

Answer 6

develop from a single egg and share the same genetic makeup down to the sex of the twins

Question 7

three major learning types and what they are used for

Answer 7

1. classical pavlovian conditioning
2. instrumental learning
3. operant conditioning
4. social learning

help to examine these processes more carefully if we are to approach an understanding of why some people engage in crime or other antisocial behavior

Question 8

interaction 70

Answer 8

says that people who commit crimes are a result of certain environmental conditions and features of the nervous system

Question 9

neuroticism 71

Answer 9

are more likely than average to be moody and to experience such feelings as anxiety, worry, fear, anger, frustration, envy, jealousy, guilt, depressed mood, and loneliness.

Question 10

neurotransmitters 67

Answer 10

may play a role in a significant role in aggression and violence like serotonin

Question 11

nonshared environments 54

Answer 11

living experiences that are different for each twin, such as being raised in a different home environment, participating in different activities, or even attending different schools

Question 12

operant conditioning (instrumental learning) 78

Answer 12

is a method of learning that occurs through rewards and punishments for behavior.

Question 13

pavlovian conditioning (classical conditioning) 77

Answer 13

a learning process that occurs when two stimuli are repeatedly paired: a response which is at first elicited by the second stimulus is eventually elicited by the first stimulus alone.

Question 14

plasticity 66

Answer 14

both the structure and function of the brain are affected by the experience.

Question 15

psychophysiology 60

Answer 15

the study of the dynamic interactions between behavior and the automatic nervous system

Question 16

serotonin 67

Answer 16

a neurotransmitter that may play a role in aggression and violence

Question 17

shared environments 54

Answer 17

include prenatal and life experiences affecting both twins in the same way

Question 18

social learning 78

Answer 18

theorized by Albert Bandura, posits that people learn from one another, via observation, imitation, and modeling.

Question 19

temperament 61

Answer 19

a natural mood disposition determined largely by genetics and biological influences-may offer important clues about criminal behavior

Question 20

Eysenck’s theory of criminality

Answer 20

suggests that personality is biologically based and that personality traits include dimensions of extraversion and neuroticism that can be measured using a personality questionnaire.

Question 21

what supports and doesn’t support Eysenck’s, how strong was the support?

Answer 21

overall support is strong for this theory

Question 22

summarize the findings of adoption studies on the interaction between heredity and environment

Answer 22

environment and biology both play a role in a development of a person, and they may play a role in specific parts of people

Question 23

RAS define

Answer 23

any of a family of genes that undergo mutation to oncogenes and especially to some commonly linked to human cancers (as of the colon, lung, and pancreas) ras oncogenes ras proteins.

Question 24

what is important about the term “shared environment” and why is it important in genetic research on crime?

Answer 24

the shared environment of siblings can show how the environment makes criminals

Question 25

explain how temperament plays a role in the development of antisocial behavior.

Answer 25

it can cause motivation to do certain things from a psychological and biological level

Question 26

provide examples of any three environmental hazards that have been linked with aggressive behavior.

Answer 26

1. aggressive family
2. poverty
3. lead poisoning