Chapter 6 study guide intro to bones Flashcards
Skeletal system anatomy
bones, cartilage and ligaments
Osteology
skeletal system functions
support
movement
protection’blood formation’electrolyte balance
pH balance
detoxification
bone as an organ
osseous tissue
(bone)
blood
bone marrow
cartilage
adipose
nervous
fibrous connective
osseous tissue
connective tissue in chich matrix material is hardened by calcium phosphate and other minerals
shape of bones
long
short
flat
irregular
long bones
narrow
long shaft (diaphysis)
expanded head (epiphysis) at each end
filled with spongy bone
bone marrow occupies shaft and spaces in head
long bone
2
Red Marrow
long bone
3
Epiphyseal line
long bone
4
yellow marrow
marrow cavity
long bone
5
periosteum
long bone
6
diaphysis
shaft
long bone
7
compact bone
longbone
8
spongy bone
long bone
9
epiphysis
head
longbone
10
articular cartilage
bone cells
osteogenic cells
osteoblasts
osteocytes
osteoclasts
osteogenic cells
in endosteum arise to form osteoblasts
osteoblasts
bone forming cells that synthesize matrix to mineralize the bone
osteocytes
former osteoblasts that are trapped in the matrix they deposited
osteoclasts
bone dissolving cells on the surface of the bone
bone matrix
(ground substance)
1/3 organic and 2/3 inorganic matter by dry weight
inorganic matrix
85% hydroxyapatite (crystalline calcium phosphate)
10% clacium carbonate
5% other minerals
organic matrix
collagen
large protein-carbohydrate complexes called
glycosaminoglycans
proteoglycans
glycoproteins
mineral funtionality
resistent to compression
protein component funtionality
resistent to tesnion
flexibility
compact bone
large cylyndrical units (osteons)
osteons
collagen fibers enclose osteons
concentric lamellae around central canal
osteocytes in lacunae conneted by canaliculi to other osteocytes
spongy bone
thin tribelculae and spicules of osseous tissue
maximun strength in proportion to its light weight
spongy bone matrix
arranged in lamellae but very few osteons
Red marrow
blood forming marrow
medullary spaces of nearly all bone in children
adults is limited to axial skeleon and heads of femur and humerus
yellow marrow
fatty marrow
most red marrow changes to yellow in adults
bone formation
intramembranous ossification
endochondral ossification
intramembranous ossification
mesenchyme condenses into a sheel of soft tissue with osteogenic cells
osteogenics turn into osteoblasts
they deposit osteoid tissue then calcify it
becomes spopngy bone
compact bone is formed by filling in the spaces
endochondral ossification
hyaline cartilage is replaced by bone
chondrocytes of cartilage enlarge and form ossicification center
cartilage lacunae breakdown and merge into primary marrow cavity and chondrocytes die
secondary ossification site
(endochondral ossification)
appears in the middle of epi[hysis near time of birth
ossification proceeds outward creating secondary marrow cavity and forming the epiphydeal plate
long bone growth
length
increase by interstitial growth at the epiphyseal plates
5 zones
5 zones of long bone growth
zone of reserve cartilage
zone of cell proliferation
zone of cell hypertrophy
zone of calcification
zone of deposited bone
zone of reserve cartilage
farthest from marrow space
zone oof cell proliferation
chondrocytes multiply and form longitudinal columns of cells
zone of hypertrophy
chondrocytes enlarge
zone of calcification
where matrix becomes temporarily calcified
nearest the marrow
zone of bone deposition
where lacunae break down
chondrocytes die
bone is deposited
bone growth thickness
appositional growth
depostition of new osseous tissue on the surface by process similar to intramembranous ossification
bone remodeling
osteoblasts and osteoclasts reshape bones throughout life to adapt to the stresses places on them
