Chapter 23 Study guide Flashcards
Respiratory system functions
blood gas exchange with air
vocalization
sense of smell
regulates blood pH
psi gradients that aid in air flow of lymph and blood expelling abdominal gases
produces a hormone that regulates blood psi
respiratory system principle organs
nose
pharynx
larynx
trachea
bronchi
lungs
conducting division
serves only for airflow
respiratory division
serves as the gas exchange protion
respiratory bronchioles
alveoli
upper tract
organs of the head and neck
from the nose to the larynx
lower tract
organs of the thorax
trachea
bronchi
lungs
O2 & CO2
cellular respiration
O2 is reguired to produce ATP (energy) and the waste product is CO2
upper tract airflow
nose
nasal caivty
nasopharynx
oropharynx
laryngopharynx
larynx
Nose
only external visible part of the system
air enters through external nostrils (nares)
interior nasal cavity divided by nasal septum (vomer, ethmoid and cartilage)
Anatomy of nasal cavity
olfactory receptors are located on the superior surface
lined with respiratory mucosa to moisten air and trap foreign particles
lateral walls have projections called conchae to increase surface area and air turbulence in nasal cavity
separated from oral cavity by the palate
anterior hard palate-bone, posterior soft palate-muscle
Paranasal SInuses
air filled cavities with bones surrounding the nasal cavity
located in skull
sinuses function
lighten the skull
resonance chambers for speech
produce mucus that drains into the nasal cavity
Pharynx (throat)
muscular passage from nasal cavity to larynx
three regions
Nasopharynx
Oropharynx
Laryngopharynx
Nasopharynx
superior region behind the nasal cavity
Oropharynx
middle region behind the oral cavity
Laryngopharynx
inferior region attached to the larynx
Oropharynx and Laryngopharynx
common passagways for food and air
Larynx
formed by 8 rigid hyaline cartilages and a flap of elastic cartilage (epiglottis)
Plays role in speech “voice box”
Epiglottis
protects the superior opening of larynx
routes food to the esophogus and air toward the treachea
when swallowing it rises and forms a lid over the opening of the larynx
Voice box
true vocal cords:
vocal folds, lower folds, vibrate with expelled air to create sound (vocalization)
false vocal cords:
vestibular folds, upper cords
lower tract airflow
treachea
bronchial tree
lungs
Treachea (windpipe)
4” tube that connects larynx with bronchi
walls are reinforced with C-shaped hyaline cartilage
lined with psuedo stratified cilinated columnar epithelium
cilia beat continuously toward pharynx, remove dust and other debris from lungs
Bronchial tree
Primary Bronchi
Secondary Bronchi
Tertiary bronchi
Bronchioles
Terminal bronchioles
Respiratory bronchioles
Alveolar ducts
Alveolar sacs
Alveoi
Alveoi
microscopic air sacs
simple squamous epithelium
permits rapid gas exchange
Lungs
soft spongy cone shaped organs
Apex near clavicle (superior portion)
base rests on diaphragm (inferior portion)
divided into lobes by fissures
Left Lung 2 lobes
Right lung 3 lobes
Respiratory Membrane
pulmonary capillaries cover external surfaces of alveoli
O2 and CO2 must cross when moving between alveoli and blood in pulmonary capillaries
three layers:
simple squamous epithelium (alveolar wall)
fused basement membrane
capillary epithelium
Air on one side, blood on the other
pleurae structure/function
visceral pleura: serous membrane covering lung
parietal pluera lining the inside of rib cage
reduce friction during breathing, contribute to pressure gradient that moves air in and out of lungs
help compartmentalize the thoracic cavity
muscles involved in lung ventilation
diaphragm
internal intercostals
external intercostals
neck, thoracic and abdominal muscles contribute to deep breathing
diaphragm function
contracts to inhale
relaxes to exhale
external intercostals
elevate ribs during quiet inspiration
relax during expiration
respiratory center in brainstem
medulla oblongata
pons
medulla oblongata role
ventral respiratory group
dorsal respiratory group
ventral respiratory group
primary pacemaker of respiratory rhythm
dorsal respiratory group
integrating center
receives input from pons, chemoreceptors in medulla and arteries, stretch and irritant receptors in lungs
acts on VRG to mudulate rhythm
Pons role in respiration
pontine respiratory group
receives input from higher brain centers and issues output to VRG and DRG
modifies in relation to sleep, emotional excitement, speech and other conditions
chemorecptors
central
peripheral
monitor pH of CSF
pH, O2 and CO2 levels in blood
central chemoreceptors
in brainstem
peripheral chemoreceptors
in aorta and carotid arteries
