Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 3010K > Chapter 6 - Skeletal System I - Bone Tissue > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Skeletal System I - Bone Tissue Flashcards

1
Q

Approximately how many bones are in the human body?

A

206

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Cartilage

A

embryonic forerunner of most bones and covers many joint surfaces

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Ligaments

A

hold bone to bone at joint

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Tendons

A

attach muscles to bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Functions of the Skeleton

A
  1. Support
  2. Movement
  3. Protection
  4. Blood Formation
  5. Electrolyte Balance (Ca+ and phosphate)
  6. Acid-Base Balance
  7. Detoxification
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Osteology

A

study of bone

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Bone is a ____________ tissue with a hard matrix.

A

connective

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Mineralization (calcification)

A

process of hardening

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Other Tissues Present in Bone

A
  1. Blood
  2. Bone Marrow
  3. Cartilage
  4. Adipose Tissue
  5. Nervous Tissue
  6. Fibrous Connective Tissue
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Shapes of Bone

A

Flat - thin, often curved (e.g. ribs)
Long - rigid levers for movement (e.g. humerus)
Short - glide within joints (e.g. carpals)
Irregular - complex shape (e.g. vertebrae)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Features of Long Bones

A
  • Compact and spongy (cancellous) bone tissue
  • Two epiphyses (heads)
  • Dyaphysis (shaft)
  • Epiphyseal line - remnant of growth plate
  • Periosteum covering bone
  • Nutrient foramina
  • Articular cartilage - smooths joints
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Features of Flat Bones

A
  • Spongy bone sandwiched between plates of compact bone
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Types of Bone Cells

A
  1. Osteogenic (osteoprogenitor) cells
  2. Osteoblasts
  3. Osteocytes
  4. Osteoclasts
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Osteogenic (Osteoprogenitor) Cells

A
  • Stem cells
  • Found in: endosteum, inner periosteum, central canals
  • Give rise to other bone cells
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Osteoblasts

A

bone-forming cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Osteocytes

A
  • Mature, non-dividing bone cells
  • Within a matrix
  • Lacunae: cavities that house osteocytes
  • Canaliculi: small canals that connect lacunae
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Osteoclasts

A

large, bone-dissolving marcrophages

18
Q

Bone Matrix

A
  • 1/3 Organic (collagen & large protein-carbohydrate complexes)
  • 2/3 Inorganic
    • 85% hydroxyapatite (crystallized calcium phosphate salt)
    • 10% calcium carbonate (CaCO3)
    • 5% other inorganic minerals
19
Q

Compact Bone

A
  • Osteon = basic unit
  • Concentric lamellae
  • Lacunae containing osteocytes
  • Central (haversian) canal
  • Perforating canals
  • Circumferential lamellae
20
Q

Spongy Bone

A
  • Spicules: rods and spines of bone
  • Trabeculae: thin plates of bone
  • Porous appearance (spaces filled w/ marrow)
  • Light weight but strong
21
Q

Bone Marrow

A
  • Soft tissue located in medullary cavities of long bones, spaces within spongy bone, and large canals within osteons
  • Red Marrow (Myeloid Tissue): hemopoietic tissue, both RBCs and WBCs are made here
  • Yellow Marrow: mainly fat
22
Q

Locations of Red Marrow

A
  • Skull
  • Vertebrae
  • Sternum
  • Ribs
  • Parts of pelvic girdle
  • Proximal heads of humerus and femur
23
Q

Location of Yellow Marrow

A

long bones of limbs

24
Q

Bone Growth: Elongation

A
  • bones grow longer at epiphyseal plates

- plates made of hyaline cartilage, metaphyses

25
Q

Bone Growth: Widening and Thickening

A
  • appositional growth: growth in diameter and thickness
  • intramembranous ossification at surface
    • osteoblasts in periosteum deposit matrix
    • once matrix hardens, cells become osteocytes
    • circumferential lamellae are formed
  • osteoclasts widen medullary cavity
26
Q

Wolff’s Law of Bone

A
  • bone shape is determined by mechanical stress
  • bone adapts to withstand stress
  • form follows function
27
Q

Calcium and Phosphate

A

raw materials for calcified ground substance

28
Q

Vitamin A

A

promotes formation of glycosaminoglycans (protein-carbohydrate fibers)

29
Q

Vitamin C (ascorbic acid)

A

promotes collagen cross-linking

30
Q

Vitamin D (calcitriol)

A

necessary for calcium absorption by small intestine and reduces urinary calcium loss

31
Q

Calcitonin

A
  • secreted by thyroid gland

- stimulates osteoblasts in children and pregnant women

32
Q

Growth Hormone

A
  • promotes intestinal absorption of calcium

- stimulates growth plates and bone elongation

33
Q

Estrogen & Testosterone

A
  • sex steroids

- stimulate long bone growth during adolescence

34
Q

Parathyroid Hormone (PTH)

A
  • secreted by parathyroid glands

- stimulates bone reabsorption to boost level of calcium in blood

35
Q

Ageing of Skeletal System

A
  • osteopenia: loss of bone (severe = osteoporosis)
  • reabsorption faster than deposition
    • After 35 years: osteoblasts less active than osteoclasts
    • After 40 years: females lose 8% of bone mass per decade, males lose 3%
  • fracture more common, heal slowly
36
Q

Stress Fracture

A

caused by abnormal trauma

37
Q

Pathological Fracture

A

occurs in bone weakened by a disease such as osteoporosis

38
Q

Fractures are Classified According to…

A
  • breaking of skin
  • direction of fracture
  • separation of bone pieces
39
Q

Treatment of Fractures

A
  • closed reduction: nonsurgical manipulation
  • open reduction: surgical setting involving plates, screws, or pins
  • cast
  • heal in 8-12 weeks
40
Q

Osteoporosis

A
  • bone lose mass and become subject to pathological fractures
  • hip, wrist, vertebrae are especially vulnerable
  • postmenopausal white, light-build women at greatest risk
  • treatments: bis-phosphonates (destroys osteoclasts) and parathyroid hormone (stimulates osteoblasts)
  • prevention: weight-bearing exercise, adequate calcium and protein
41
Q

Orthopedics

A

prevention and correction of injuries and disorders of bones, joints, muscle

BIOL 3010K (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions