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BIOL 3010K > Chapter 5 - Integumentary > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Integumentary Flashcards

1
Q

Dermatology

A

Study and treatment of integumentary system: the skin (integument), hair, nails, and cutaneous glands

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2
Q

Skin is the body’s _________ organ.

A

largest

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3
Q

The Layers of Skin Plus a Nearby Layer

A
  • Epidermis: epithelium of skin
  • Dermis: connective tissue of skin
  • Hypodermis: connective tissue just underneath skin
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4
Q

Thick Skin

A
  • Palms of hands, front of fingers, soles of feet, bottom of toes
  • Hairless, no sebaceous/oil glands but does sweat
  • Adaptive for high friction
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5
Q

Thin Skin

A
  • Covers most of body

- Hairy, has both sebaceous oil glands and sweat glands

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6
Q

Functions of Skin

A
  1. Resistance to trauma & infection
  2. Water retention
  3. Sensation
  4. Vitamin D synthesis
  5. Thermoregulation
  6. Nonverbal communication
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7
Q

Epidermis

A
  • Keratinized stratified squamous epitehlium
  • Avascular (nutrients diffuse from deeper connective tissue)
  • Sparse nerve endings
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8
Q

Cells of the Epidermis

A
  1. Stem cells
  2. Keratinocytes
  3. Melanocytes
  4. Tactile (Merkel) cells
  5. Dendritic (Langerhans) cells
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9
Q

Stem Cells

A
  • Divide and produce keratinocytes

- Only in stratum basale

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10
Q

Keratinocytes

A
  • Synthesize keratin

- Vast majority of epidermal cells (found in many layers)

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11
Q

Melanocytes

A
  • Make melanin (brown to black pigment)
  • Melanin is taken up by keratinocytes and used to protect their DNA from UV radiation
  • Found in stratum basale
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12
Q

Tactile (Merkel) Cell

A
  • Touch receptors that join with nerves

- Only found in stratum basale

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13
Q

Dendritic (Langerhans) Cell

A
  • Immune cells, guard against toxins/microbes/pathogens

- Found in stratum spinosum, stratum granulosum

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14
Q

Layers of the Epidermis

A
  1. Stratum Corneum - layers of dead, scaly cells
  2. Stratum Lucidum - only in thick skin, no organelles
  3. Stratum Granulosum - cells have dark granules
  4. Stratum Spinosum - several layers of cells
  5. Stratum Basale - one cell thick, varied cell types
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15
Q

Dermis

A
  • Rich in collagen fiber
  • Large blood supply
  • Cutaneous glands
  • Hair follicles
  • Piloerector muscles
  • Nail roots
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16
Q

Layers of the Dermis

A
  1. Papillary layer

2. Reticular layer

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17
Q

Papillary Layer of Dermis

A
  • Superficial, thin layer
  • Areolar tissue
  • Rich in blood vessels
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18
Q

Reticular Layer of Dermis

A
  • Deep, thick layer
  • Dense irregular connective tissue
  • Striae (stretch marks): stretching of the dermal collagen
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19
Q

Hypodermis

A
  • Not a true layer of the skin
  • Located below the dermis
  • Contains adipose (subcutaneous fat) and areolar tissue
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20
Q

Functions of Hypodermis

A
  1. Pads body
  2. Binds skin to underlying tissues
  3. Energy reservoir
  4. Thermoregulation
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21
Q

Skin Color Components

A
  • Melanin
  • Hemoglobin
  • Carotene
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22
Q

Melanin

A
  • Eumelanin - brownish black
  • Pheomelanin - reddish yellow
  • Across individuals, skin tones vary due to type and distribution of melanin (not number of melanocytes)
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23
Q

Hemoglobin

A

red pigment of blood

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24
Q

Carotene

A
  • Yellow orange

- Concentrates in stratum corneum

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25
Q

Diagnostic Skin Colors

A
  • Cyanosis
  • Erythema
  • Pallor
  • Albinism
  • Jaundice
  • Hematoma
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26
Q

Cyanosis

A

Blue skin tone due to lack of oxygen

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27
Q

Erythema

A

Redness of skin due to increased blood flow

28
Q

Pallor

A

Pale or ashen tone of skin due to reduced blood flow

29
Q

Albinism

A

White skin/hair/irises due to genetic lack of melanin

30
Q

Jaundice

A

Yellow skin tone due to atypical liver function/bilirubin

31
Q

Hematoma

A

Bruise

32
Q

Skin Markings

A
  • Friction ridges of fingertips
  • Flexion lines (creases)
  • Freckles
  • Mole (nevus)
  • Hemangiomas (birthmarks)
33
Q

Friction Ridges of Fingertips

A
  • Aid in sensitivity to texture and ability to grasp

- Cause fingerprint pattern

34
Q

Flexion Lines

A
  • Creases in skin

- Where skin near joint attaches to deeper tissue

35
Q

Freckles

A
  • Flat, melanized patches

- Vary with hereditary and UV exposure

36
Q

Mole (nevus)

A
  • Elevated patch of melanized skin

- “Beauty marks”

37
Q

Hemangiomas (birthmarks)

A
  • Discolored skin

- Caused by benign tumors of capillaries

38
Q

Hair

A
  • aka “pilus” (“pili” - plural)
  • Accessory organ of the skin
  • Fliament of keratinized cells
  • Grows from a tube called a hair follicle
  • Grows on most thin skin (exceptions: lips, nipples, parts of genitals, distal segments of fingers)
39
Q

Types of Hair

A
  1. Lanugo
  2. Vellus
  3. Terminal
40
Q

Lanugo

A

Fine, downy, unpigmented hair of fetus

41
Q

Vellus

A
  • Fine, unpigmented
  • Two-thirds hair of women
  • One-tenth hair of men
  • All hair of children except eyebrows, eyelashes, & scalp
42
Q

Terminal Hair

A
  • Coarse, pigmented
  • Eyebrows, eyelashes, & scalp
  • After puberty: axillary, male facial hair, pubic, some hair on trunk and limbs
43
Q

Function of Hair of the Torso and Limbs

A

Vestigial, but serves a sensory purpose as in detection of small insects crawling on the skin

44
Q

Function of Scalp Hair

A

Heat retention, protection from sun

45
Q

Function of Beard, Pubic, & Axillary Hair

A

Advertises sexual maturity; associated with apocrine scent glands in these areas and modulates the dispersal of sexual scents from these glands

46
Q

Function of Guard Hairs (vibrissae)

A

Help keep foreign objects out of nostrils and auditory canal; eyelashes help keep debris from eyes

47
Q

Function of Eyebrows

A

Enhance facial expression, may reduce glare of sun and help keep forehead perspiration from eyes

48
Q

Three Zones Along Length of Hair

A
  1. Shaft - portion above skin’s surface, dead tissue
  2. Root - remainder of hair within follicle, dead tissue
  3. Bulb - swelling at base where hair originates in dermis, dermal papilla provides nutrition, hair matrix is the growth center (mitosis)
49
Q

Hair Follicle

A
  • Diagonal tube extending in dermis or as deep as hypodermis
  • Two layers: Epithelial root sheath (inner layer) & Connective tissue root sheath (derived from dermis)
  • Hair receptors: nerve fibers that respond to hair’s movement
  • Piloerector muscle (arrector pili): smooth muscle that casues “goose bumps”
50
Q

Nails

A
  • Derivatives of stratum corneum
  • Composed of very thin, dead, scaly cells with parallel rows of keratin
  • Primates have flat nails as opposed to claws - easier manipulation
51
Q

Structures of the Nail

A
  • Nail plate (free edge, nail body, nail root)
  • Nail fold & nail groove
  • Nail bed (hyponychium - epidermis of nail bed, nail matrix, lunule, eponychium - cuticle)
52
Q

Types of Cutaneous Glands

A
  1. Sudoriferous (sweat) glands (apocrine & merocrine)
  2. Sebaceous glands
  3. Ceruminous glands
  4. Mammary glands
53
Q

Types of Sudoriferous Glands

A
  1. Apocrine glands

2. Merocrine glands

54
Q

Apocrine Glands

A
  • Type of sudoriferous gland
  • Found in groin, anal, axilla, areola, and beard regions
  • Duct opens into hair follicle
  • Produce sweat with many fatty acids (bacterial metabolism of fatty acids causes odor)
  • Respond to stress & sexual stimulation
  • Develop in puberty
  • Believed to secrete pheromones
55
Q

Merocrine Glands

A
  • Type of sudoriferous gland
  • Numerous, widespread, especially abundant on palms, soles, & forehead
  • Simple ducts lead to pores at skin surface
  • Produce watery perspiration to cool body (also contains some wastes found in urine)
  • Myoepithelial cells - contractile cells that squeeze sweat up the ducts
56
Q

Sebaceous Glands

A
  • Produce oily secretion called sebum
  • Usually open to hair follicle
  • Holocrine secretion
  • Keep skin & hair from becoming brittle
57
Q

Ceruminous Glands

A
  • Found in auditory canal
  • Produce cerumen (earwax) - combination of sebum & dead skin cells
  • Keeps eardrum pliable, waterproofs canal, kills bacteria, and coats guard hair
58
Q

Mammary Glands

A
  • Produce milk
  • Not synonymous with breasts; glands develop during pregnancy and lactation, otherwise scant
  • Modified apocrine gland
59
Q

Integumentary System Ageing

A
  • Senescence
  • hair turns grayer, thinner
  • melanocyte stem cells die out
  • Mitosis slows down
  • dead hairs not replaced
  • atrophy of sebaceous glands
  • skin becomes thinner, more translucent
  • Skin and Blood Supply
  • fewer and more fragile vessels
  • rosacea (due to dilated blood vessels)
  • increased bruising
  • Thermoregulation
  • vulnerability to hypothermia and heat stroke
60
Q

Skin Cancer

A
  • Induced by UV rays
  • Elderly and fair-skinned most common
  • 3 types: basal cell carcinoma, squamous cell carcinoma, malignant melanoma
61
Q

Basal Cell Carcinoma

A
  • Most common skin cancer
  • Least dangerous
  • Hardly metastasizes
  • Arises in stratum basale and invades dermis
62
Q

Squamous Cell Carcinoma

A
  • Arises from keratinocytes of stratum spinosum
  • Can metastasize to lymph nodes
  • Can be lethal
63
Q

Melanoma

A
  • Most deadly, but only 5% of all skin cancer cases
  • Arises from melanocyte of existing mole
  • Metastasizes quickly and often fatal if not treated quickly
64
Q

Burns

A
  • Leading cause of accidental death
  • Death primarily from:
  • fluid loss
  • infection
  • toxic effects of eschar (dead tissue)
65
Q

Characteristics of 1st Degree Burn

A
  • Partial-thickness burn
  • Only affects epidermis
  • Usually localized
  • Redness, slight edema, and pain
  • E.g. sunburn
66
Q

Characteristics of 2nd Degree Burn

A
  • Partial-thickness burn
  • Affect epidermis and part of dermis
  • Red, tan, or white
  • Blistered and painful
  • May damage hair folicles, nerve endings, and cutaneous glands
  • E.g. severe sunburns and scalds
67
Q

Characteristics of 3rd Degree Burn

A
  • Full-thickness burn
  • Epidermis and dermis completely destroyed
  • Contracture and disfigurement can result

BIOL 3010K (19 decks)

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