Chapter 1 - The Study of Human Anatomy Flashcards
1
Q
Anatomy
A
Study of the structure of the human body
2
Q
Physiology
A
Study of the function of the human body
3
Q
Functional Morphology
A
- Structure and reason for the structure
- Form follows function
4
Q
The Anatomical Sciences
A
- Gross anatomy
- Surface anatomy
- Radiological anatomy
- Comparative anatomy
- Histology
5
Q
Gross Anatomy
A
Study of structures visible to the naked eye
6
Q
Surface Anatomy
A
Study of the external structure of the body
7
Q
Radiological Anatomy
A
Study of internal structure using imaging techniques
8
Q
Systemic Anatomy
A
Study of one organ system at a time
9
Q
Regional Anatomy
A
Study of multiple organ systems bases on region of the body
10
Q
Comparative Anatomy
A
Study of >1 species to compare structural similarities and differences
11
Q
Histology
A
- Microscopic anatomy
- Histopathology: microscopic analysis of diseased tissue
- Cytology: structure and function of individual cells
- Ultrastructure: fine details of cell (molecular level)
12
Q
Methods of Study
A
- Inspection: looking at surface appearance
- Palpation: feeling a structure
- Auscultation: listening to normal sounds
- Percussion: tapping and listening
- Dissection: cutting and separating of tissues (use of cadavers)
13
Q
Variations in Human Structure
A
- Situs solitus: normal arrangement of organs
- Situs inversus: reversed position of organs
- Situs perversus: one organ atypically positioned
14
Q
Levels of Human Structure
A
- Atoms
- Molecules
- Macromolcules
- Organelles
- Cells
- Tissues
- Organs
- Systems
- Organism
15
Q
Organ Systems
A
- Digestive
- Respiratory
- Urinary
- Nervous
- Circulatory
- Skeletal
- Muscular
- Integumentary
- Lymphatic
- Endocrine
- Reproductive
16
Q
Anatomical Position
A
- Standing erect with feet flat
- Arms at the sides, palms supinated
- Palms, face, and eyes facing forward
- Provides a constant reference of body position
17
Q
Anatomical Planes
A
- Sagittal (vertical plane): median (midsagittal) plane = equal halves, parasagittal = unequal portions
- Frontal (coronal) plane: anterior/posterior portions
- Transverse (horizontal) plane: superior/inferior portions
18
Q
Anterior
A
toward the front of the body
19
Q
Posterior
A
toward the back of the body
20
Q
Ventral
A
toward the anterior side (in humans only, ‘anterior’ is preferred terminology)
21
Q
Dorsal
A
toward the posterior side (in humans only, ‘posterior’ is preferred terminology)
22
Q
Superior
A
above
23
Q
Inferior
A
below
24
Q
Cephalic
A
toward the head or superior end
25
Rostral
toward the forehead or the nose
26
Caudal
toward the tail or inferior end
27
Medial
toward the midline of the body
28
Lateral
away from the midline of the body
29
Proximal
closer to the point of attachment or origin
30
Distal
farther from the point of attachment or origin
31
Ipsilateral
on the same side of the body
32
Contralateral
on opposite sides of the body
33
Superficial
closer to the body surface
34
Deep
farther from the body surface
35
Major Body Regions
1. Axial Region
| 2. Appendicular Region
36
Axial Region
- "core"
- Head
- Neck
- Trunk
* Thoracic region
* Abdominal region divided into either quadrants or 3x3 grid
37
Appendicular Region
- Upper Limbs
* Arm (brachial)
* Forearm (antebrachial)
* Wrist (carpal)
* Hand (manual)
* Fingers (digits)
- Lower Limbs
* Thigh (femoral)
* Leg (crural)
* Ankle (tarsal)
* Foot (pedal)
* Toes (digits)
38
Membranes
- Thin sheets of tissue that cover the body, line body cavities (parietal), and cover organs within the cavities (visceral)
- Two types: epithelial & connective
39
Epithelial Membranes
- Two types:
* Mucous - line body cavities that open to the outside (digestive, respiratory)
* Serous - line cavities and cover organs (pleura, pericardium, peritoneum)
40
Body Cavities
1. Cranial
2. Vertebral Canal
3. Thoracic
4. Abdominopelvic Cavity
41
Cranial Cavity
- Enclosed by cranium
- Contains brain
- Lined by meninges
42
Vertebral Cavity
- Enclosed by vertebral column
- Contains spinal cord
- Lined by meninges
43
Thoracic Cavity
- Superior to diaphragm
- Mediastinum: area between lungs, contains heart, major blood vessels, esophagus, trachea, & bronchi
- Pericardial cavity
- Pleural cavities (2)
44
Pericardial Cavity
- Visceral pericardium (epicardium)
- Parietal pericardium (pericardial sac)
- Pericardial fluid
45
Pleural Cavities
- Two (each lung)
- Visceral pleura
- Parietal pleura
- Pleural fluid
46
Abdominopelvic Cavity
- Abdominal cavity
- Pelvic cavity
- Peritoneum
47
Abdominal Cavity
- Superior portion of abdominopelvic cavity
| - Contains most of digestive organs, spleen, kidneys, and ureters
48
Pelvic Cavity
- Inferior portion of abdominopelvic cavity
| - Contains distal large intestine, urinary bladder, urethra, and reproductive organs
49
Peritoneum
- 2 layers: parietal & visceral
- Retroperitoneal: outside of peritoneum
- Intraperitoneal: inside of peritoneum
- Serosa: visceral peritoneum divides and wraps around organ
50
Intraperitoneal Organs
1. Stomach
2. Jejunum
3. Ilieum
4. Transverse colon
5. Sigmoid colon
6. Liver
7. Gallbladder
8. Spleen
51
Retroperitoneal Organs
1. Pancreas
2. Duodenum
3. Ascending colon
4. Descending colon
5. Rectum
6. Kidneys
7. Adrenal glands
