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BIOL 3010K > Chapter 17 - Sense Organs > Flashcards

Chapter 17 - Sense Organs Flashcards

1
Q

Receptors

A

structures that detect stimuli

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2
Q

Class of Receptors by Modality (type of stimuli)

A
  1. Thermoreceptors
  2. Photoreceptors
  3. Chemoreceptors
  4. Nociceptors
  5. Mechanoreceptors
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3
Q

Classes of Receptors by Distribution

A
  1. General senses - widely distributed

2. Special senses - involve cranial nerves, complex

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4
Q

Class of Receptors by Stimulus Origin

A
  1. Exteroceptros
  2. Interoceptors
  3. Proprioceptors
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5
Q

General senses are detected by different receptors that included both ______________ and ______________ nerve endings.

A

unencapsulated, encapsulated

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6
Q

Unencapsulated Nerve Endings

A

dendrites lack connective wrapping

  1. Free nerve endings - warm receptors, cold receptors, nociceptors
  2. Tactile (Merkel) discs - light touch, pressure
  3. Hair receptors - movement of hairs
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7
Q

Encapsulated Nerve Endings

A

dendrites wrapped by glia or connective tissue

  1. Tactile (Meissner) corpuscles
  2. End bulbs (Krause)
  3. Bulbous (Ruffini) corpuscles
  4. Lamellar (Pacinian) corpuscles
  5. Muscle spindles
  6. Tendon organs
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8
Q

Tactile (Meissner) Corpuscles

A
  • oval mass in dermal papillae

- sense light touch, texture perception

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9
Q

End bulbs (Krause)

A

similar to tactile corpuscles but located in mucous membranes

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10
Q

Bulbous (Ruffini) Corpuscles

A
  • flat

- sense pressure, skin stretch, and joint movement

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11
Q

Lamellar (Pacinian) Corpuscles

A
  • onionlike

- sense deep pressure, stretch, tickle, and vibration

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12
Q

Muscle Spindles

A
  • fusiform

- sense skeletal muscle stretch

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13
Q

Tendon Organs

A
  • leaflike

- sense tendon stretch caused by muscle activity

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14
Q

Receptive Field

A

area supplied by a single neuron

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15
Q

Referred Pain

A

pain from the viscera mistakenly thought to come from more superficial areas (pain fibers from deep tissues merge with those of the skin)

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16
Q

Gating of Pain

A

pain signals from periphery never reach brain (e.g. heart attack pain in arm - stress and tension, mental factors, lack of activity)

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17
Q

Taste Bud Locations

A
  1. Tongue (most)
  2. Soft palate
  3. Pharynx
  4. Epiglottis
  5. Cheeks
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18
Q

Types of Lingual Papillae

A
  1. Filiform - numerous, tiny spikes, no buds
  2. Folate - ridges on tongue sides, bud in children
  3. Fungiform - mushroom shaped bumps, have buds
  4. Vallate - large bumps in a row at back of tongue, have buds
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19
Q

Taste Cells

A
  • banana-shaped
  • live 7-10 days
  • taste hairs (receptor for taste module)
  • synapse with sensory nerve
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20
Q

Cranial Nerves for Taste

A
  • CN VII (anterior tongue)
  • CN IX (posterior tongue)
  • CN X (palate, pharynx, epiglottis)
21
Q

Olfactory Mucosa

A
  • roof of nasal cavity

- 10-20 million olfactory neurons

22
Q

Olfactory Neurons

A
  • cilia w/ binding site for odor molecules
  • bipolar neuron
  • neuron’s axons form CN I
23
Q

Olfactory Bulbs

A

swollen tips of olfactory tracts at base of frontal lobes

24
Q

Muscles of Ear

A
  1. tensor tympani
  2. stapedius
    contract to tighten ossicles as a reaction to loud, potentially damaging sounds
25
Q

Endolymph

A

fluid in membranous labyrinth

high K+

26
Q

Perilymph

A

fluid between membranous labyrinth and bone

high Na+, low K+

27
Q

Cochlear Duct

A
  • organ of hearing
  • contains spiral organ (has four rows of hair cells)
  • hair cells synapse with sensory neurons that form the cochlear division of CN VIII
  • contains endolymph (high K+)
28
Q

Scala Vestibuli

A
  • superior chamber of cochlea
  • begins near oval window
  • contains perilymph
29
Q

Scala Tympani

A
  • inferior chamber of cochlea
  • ends at round window
  • contains perilymph
30
Q

Auditory Function

A
  1. air vibrates tympanic membrane
  2. ossicles push against oval window
  3. vibrate fluid in inner ear
  4. bending of stereocilia opens ion channels and starts electrical signals
31
Q

Hair cells near the base of the cochlea respond to _____ pitches.

Hair cells near the apex of the cochlea respond to _____ pitches.

A

high, low

32
Q

Auditory Projection Pathway

A
  1. hair cells excite cochlear nerve fibers
  2. cochlear nerve projects to cochlear nucleus
  3. to superior olivary nucleus
  4. to inferior colliculus
  5. to thalamus
  6. to primary auditory cortex of temporal lobe
33
Q

Vestibular Apparatus

A
  • equilibrium - coordination, balance, orientation
  • three semicircular canals detect angular acceleration
  • utricle and saccule each have macula to detect static equilibrium and linear acceleration
34
Q

Maculae

A
  • pack of hair cells in utricle and saccule
  • detects orientation of head in relation to gravity (static equilibrium and linear acceleration)
  • utricle is horizontal perception
  • saccule is vertical perception
  • hair cells have kinocilium embedded in the otolithic membrane (gelatinous) with otoliths (CaCO4 crystals)
35
Q

Semicircular Canals

A
  • three: anterior, posterior, and lateral
  • each has an ampulla w/ a crista ampullaris
  • hair cells project into gelatinous cupula
  • detect angular acceleration
36
Q

Choroid

A

pigmented layer behind retina

37
Q

Ciliary Body

A

ring of smooth muscle around lens

38
Q

Iris

A

pigmented diaphragm controlling pupil diameter

  • pupillary constrictor - concentric smooth muscles cells
  • pupillary dilator - spoke-like myoepithelial cells
39
Q

Optic Disc

A
  • where optic nerve exits

- blind spot with no receptors

40
Q

Macula lutea

A

central patch for detailed vision

* pit within macula

41
Q

Image Formation

A
  • vision occurs when light is refracted as they pass through the cornea and lens
  • for distant vision, lens is flat
  • for near vision, lens thickens
  • visual defects often involve image formation
  • refractive error (uneven curvature, not smooth, etc.)
42
Q

Hyperopia

A
  • farsightedness

- corrected with convex lens

43
Q

Myopia

A
  • nearsightedness

- corrected with concave lens

44
Q

Retina

A

light sensitive tissue that converts lights into electrical impulses that are sent to the brain through the optic nerve

45
Q

Photoreceptor Cells

A

Rods & Cones

46
Q

Rods

A
  • photoreceptor cells
  • night vision, monochromatic
  • Rhodopsin (pigment)
  • maximizes light absorption
47
Q

Cones

A
  • photoreceptor cells
  • day vision, trichromatic
  • color vision
  • Photopsins (pigments, respond to different wavelengths)
48
Q

Ganglion Cells of Retina

A
  • receive input from bipolar cells

- axons from optic nerve

BIOL 3010K (19 decks)

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