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BIOL 3010K > Chapter 14 - Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

Spinal Cord Functions

A
  1. Conduction
  2. Neural Integration
  3. Locomotion
  4. Reflexes
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2
Q

Spinal Meninges

A
  1. Dura Mater
  2. Arachnoid Mater
  3. Pia Mater
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3
Q

Dura Mater

A
  • meninge
  • tough, outer layer
  • dense collagen fibers
  • within epidural space
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4
Q

Arachnoid Mater

A
  • meninge
  • middle layer
  • subarachnoid space with CSF
  • shock absorber & diffusion medium
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5
Q

Pia Mater

A
  • meninge
  • delicate, inner layer
  • elastic and collagen fibers
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6
Q

Nerve

A

several axons wrapped by connective tissue

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7
Q

Endoneurium

A

wraps one axon

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8
Q

Perineurium

A

wraps a fascicle of axons

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9
Q

Epineurium

A

wraps entire nerve

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10
Q

Afferent Nerve Fibers

A

carry sensory signals from receptors to CNS

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11
Q

Efferent Nerve Fibers

A

carry motor signals from CNS to effectors

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12
Q

Somatic Nerve Fibers

A

innervate skin, skeletal muscles, bones, and joints

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13
Q

Visceral Nerve Fibers

A

innervate blood vessels, glands, and viscera

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14
Q

General Nerve Fibers

A

innervate widespread organs such as muscles, skin, glands, viscera, and blood vessels

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15
Q

Special Nerve Fibers

A

innervate more localized organs in the head, including the eyes, ears, olfactory and taste receptors, and muscles of chewing, swallowing, and facial expression

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16
Q

How many spinal nerves?

A

31 pairs

  • C1-C8
  • T1-T12
  • L1-L5
  • S1-S5
  • Co1
17
Q

Proximal Branches of Spinal Nerves

A
  • occur as it passes through the intervertebral space
  • dorsal root (w/ dorsal root ganglion)
  • ventral root
18
Q

Distal Branches of Spinal Nerves

A
  • posterior ramus (innervates muscles and joints in the region of the spine and skin of the back)
  • anterior ramus (innervated the anterior and lateral skin and muscles of the back and gives rise to the nerves of the limbs)
  • meningeal branch (reenters vertebral canal and innervates the meninges, vertebrae, and spinal ligaments)
19
Q

Ganglion

A

cluster of cell bodies outside the CNS that contains sensory neurons

20
Q

Plexuses

A

anterior rami branch and merge repeatedly to give rise to 5 web-like nerve plexuses or peripheral nerves

  1. Cervical plexus (neck)
  2. Brachial plexus (shoudler)
  3. Lumbar plexus (lower back)
  4. Sacral plexus (below lumbar)
  5. Coccygeal plexus (lower sacrum and coccyx)
21
Q

Cervical Plexus

A
  • C1-C5
  • innervates:
    • muscles of the neck
    • diaphragm (**phrenic nerve)
    • skin of neck & superior part of chest
22
Q

Brachial Plexus

A
  • C5-T1 (C4 & T2)
  • innervates:
    • pectoral girdle
    • upper limbs (**ulnar nerve)
23
Q

Lumbar Plexus

A
  • T12-L4
  • Innervates:
    • pelvic girdle
    • lower limbs
24
Q

Sacral & Coccygeal Plexuses

A
  • L4-S4

* *sciatic nerve

25
Q

Properties of a Reflex

A
  1. Requires stimulation
  2. Quick
  3. Involuntary
  4. Stereotyped
  5. Big role in homeostasis
26
Q

Reflex Arc

A

Route followed by nerve impulse

  1. arrival of stimulus & activation of receptor
  2. sensory neuron activated (to posterior horn of grey)
  3. information processing in CNS
  4. motor neuron activated (from anterior horn of grey)
  5. peripheral effector responds
27
Q

Visceral (Autonomic) Reflex

A
  • glands, cardiac muscle, smooth muscle
    • heart rate, respiration, digestion, urination
  • controlled by autonomic nervous system
    • sympathetic NS = fight or flight
    • parasympathetic NS = rest and digest
28
Q

Somatic Reflex

A
  • involuntary control of skeletal muscles
  • controlled by somatic nervous system
    • stretch reflex = pateller reflex
    • tendon reflex = skeletal muscle can’t break tendon
    • withdrawal (flexor) reflex = pain
    • plantar reflex = corticospinal tracts working
29
Q

Spinal Shock

A

syndrome of paralysis and absence of reflexes after transection of cord

30
Q

Neurogenic Shock

A

dangerous drop in blood pressure due to lack of sympathetic nervous system activity

31
Q

Paraplegia

A

paralysis of both lower limbs due to lesions from T1-L1

32
Q

Quadriplegia

A

paralysis of all four limbs due to lesions above C5

33
Q

Hemiplegia

A

paralysis on one side of the body usually due to stroke or brain lesions

BIOL 3010K (19 decks)

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