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BIOL 3010K > Chapter 13 - Nervous System > Flashcards

Chapter 13 - Nervous System Flashcards

1
Q

Neurobiology

A

study of nervous system (includes neuroanatomy and neurophysiology)

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2
Q

Nervous System Functions

A
  1. Sensory
  2. Perception
  3. Integration
  4. Motor Planning
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3
Q

Two Main Divisions of the Nervous System

A
  1. Central Nervous System (CNS) - brain and spinal cord

2. Peripheral Nervous System (PNS) - nerves and ganglia

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4
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Division

A
  • from receptors to CNS
  • Somatic = signals from skin, muscle, bones, and joints
  • Visceral = signals from thoracic and abdominal cavities
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5
Q

Motor (Efferent) Division

A
  • from CNS to glands and muscles
  • Somatic = signal to skeletal muscle
  • Visceral = signal to glands, cardiac and smooth muscle
    • Sympathetic = arouse the body
    • Parasympathetic = energy intake and conservation
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6
Q

Nerve Cell

A

neuron

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7
Q

Fundamental Physiological Properties of Neurons

A
  1. Excitability - can respond to stimuli
  2. Conductivity - can send signals to distant locations quickly
  3. Secretion - can release chemical messengers (neurotransmitters)
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8
Q

Functional Classes of Neurons

A
  1. Sensory (Afferent)
  2. Interneurons (Association Neurons)
  3. Motor (Efferent)
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9
Q

Sensory (Afferent) Neurons

A

detect stimuli

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10
Q

Interneurons (Association Neurons)

A

receive signals from other neurons and make decisions about response

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11
Q

Motor (Efferent) Neurons

A

send signals to muscles to provide response

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12
Q

Structure of a Neuron

A
  • Neurosoma (soma or cell body) - control center
  • Nissl Bodies - contain compartmentalized rough ER
  • Dendrites - receive signals
  • Axon - generates action potentials (signals)
    • Synaptic Knob (terminal knob) - ending of axon branch that communicates with another cell
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13
Q

Multipolar Neuron

A

two or more dendrites, one axon (most common in brain & spinal cord)

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14
Q

Bipolar Neuron

A

one dendrite, one axon (olfactory cells, retina, & inner ear)

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15
Q

Unipolar Neuron

A

single process (to spinal cord)

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16
Q

Anaxonic Neuron

A

many dendrites, NO axon (brain, retina, & medulla)

17
Q

Neuroglia

A
  • “glial cells”
  • outnumber neurons 10 to 1
  • support cells (protect and aid in function)
  • glia means “glue” (bind neurons together)
18
Q

Types of Neuroglia

A 
CNS:
1. Oligodendrocytes
2. Ependymal Cells
3. Microglia
4. Astrocytes
PNS:
1. Schwann Cells
2. Satellite Cells
19
Q

Oligodendrocytes

A
  • neuroglia of CNS

- myelinate to assist conduction

20
Q

Ependymal Cells

A
  • neuroglia of CNS

- secrete and circulate cerebrospinal fluid

21
Q

Microglia

A
  • neuroglia of CNS

- help in defense and disposal

22
Q

Astrocytes

A
  • neuroglia of CNS

- provide support and nourishment

23
Q

Schwann Cells

A
  • neuroglia of PNS

- myelinate to assist conduction

24
Q

Satellite Cells

A
  • neuroglia of PNS

- provide electrical insulation and regulate the chemical environment of the neurons

25
Q

Myelin

A
  • analogous to insulation on a wire
  • Oligodendrocytes make fatty white matter of CNS
  • Internodes = fiber segments covered by myelin
  • Nodes of Ranvier = fiber segments with gaps in myelin
  • Neurilemma = outermost coiled layer of a Schwann Cell
26
Q

Unmyelinated Nerve Fibers

A

unmyelinated PNS axons are surrounded by Schwann cells, but the Schwann cells do not coil densely around these axons

27
Q

Signal conduction speed depends on two factors:

A
  1. diameter of fiber (larger is faster)

2. presence of myelin (myelinated is faster)

28
Q

Nerve Regeneration

A
  • if a cell body remains intact, cut nerve fibers can regenerate
  • Schwann cells secrete nerve growth factors
  • Schwann cells and endoneurium produce regeneration tube to direct regrowth
  • CNS neurons cannot regenerate
29
Q

Synapses

A
  • meeting point of neuron and other cell
  • presynaptic neuron to postsynaptic neuron
  • chemical or electrical
30
Q

Chemical Synapses

A

presynaptic neuron releases neurotransmitter to postsynaptic cell

31
Q

Neurotransmitters

A
  • messenger molecules
  • some are excitatory, some are inhibitory
  • Acetylcholine (NMJ)
  • Norepinephrine (sympathetic)
  • Glutamine & Aspartate (excitatory)
  • GABA & Glycine (inhibitory)
  • Dopamine, Seratonin, Histamine
32
Q

Structures at a Synapse

A
  • synaptic knob of presynaptic nerve
  • contains synaptic vesicles (packets of neurotransmitters)
  • synaptic cleft
  • neurotransmitter receptors on postsynaptic cell
33
Q

Electrical Synapse

A
  • connects neurons, neuroglia, cardiac and single unit smooth muscle cells
  • adjacent cells joined by gap junctions
  • ions diffuse from cell to cell
  • quick transmission
  • no integration or decision-making

BIOL 3010K (19 decks)

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