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BIOL 3010K > Chapter 19 - Blood > Flashcards

Chapter 19 - Blood Flashcards

1
Q

Circulatory Functions

A
  1. Transport
  2. Protection
  3. Regulation
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2
Q

Circulatory Function: Transport

A

move respiratory gases (O2, CO2), nutrients, wastes, hormones, stem cells

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3
Q

Circulatory Function: Protection

A
  • clotting prevents blood loss

- inflammation, WBCs, and antibodies fight toxins and infections

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4
Q

Circulatory Function: Regulation

A
  • balancing of fluid levels, pH, and temperature
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5
Q

Components of Blood

A
  1. Plasma - clear, extracellular fluid (matrix)
  2. Formed elements:
    • Cells and cell fragments
    • Erythrocytes (RBCs)
    • Leukocytes (WBCs)
    • Platelets (fragments of bone marrow)
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6
Q

Blood Plasma

A
  • makes up little more than half of whole blood
  • serum is plasma minus solids
  • mostly water (92% by weight)
    • proteins: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, enzymes…
    • nutrients: glucose, amino acids, lactic acid, lipids…
    • electrolytes: salts of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl…
    • nitrogenous wastes: urea and others
    • hormones
    • gases: O2, CO2, N
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7
Q

Albumin

A
  • 60%
  • major contributor to blood viscosity and osmolarity; transports lipids, hormones, calcium, and other solutes; buffers blood pH
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8
Q

Globulins

A
  • 36%
  • alpha globulins:
    • haptoglobulin
    • ceruloplasmin
    • prothrombin
    • others
  • beta globulins:
    • transferrin
    • complement proteins
    • others
  • gamma globulins
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9
Q

Haptoglobulin

A
  • alpha globulin

- transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes

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10
Q

Ceruloplasmin

A
  • alpha globulin

- transports copper

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11
Q

Prothrombin

A
  • alpha globulin

- promotes blood clotting

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12
Q

“Other” Alpha Globulins

A

transport lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, and hormones

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13
Q

Fibrinogen

A
  • 4%

- becomes fibrin, the major component of blood clots

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14
Q

Erythrocytes

A
  • red blood cells
  • carry O2 and CO2
  • discoid shape
  • lacks nucleus, mitochondria, other organelles
  • carries millions of hemoglobin molecules
  • molecules on membrane determine blood type
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15
Q

Quantity of Erythocytes

A
  • RBC count:
    • Men: 4.6-6.2 million RBCs/micro liter
    • Women: 4.2-5.4 million RBCs/micro liter
  • Hematocrit (packed cell volume)
    • Men: 45-52%
    • Women: 37-48%
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16
Q

Hemoglobin

A
  • iron-containing gas-transport protein
  • found in RBC
  • four globins with a heme group
  • ferrous ions in center bind oxygen
17
Q

Hemopoiesis

A
  • production of blood
  • myeloid hemopoiesis (all types of formed elements) occurs in red bone marrow
  • lymphoid hemopoiesis (lymphocytes) in lymphatic organs
18
Q

Erythropoiesis

A
  • production of RBCs
  • originate from hemopoietic stem cells
  • erythropoiesis process lasts 3-5 days
  • lifespan of RBC is approx. 120 days
19
Q

Blood Types

A
  • several genetically determined blood groups with multiple types
  • ABO and Rh most common
  • RBC contains glycolipid antigens on membrane
  • plasma contains antibodies that react against foreign antigens
20
Q

Leukocytes

A
  • white blood cells (WBCs)
  • protect against pathogens
  • least abundant of the formed elements
  • migrate out of the bloodstream into connective tissues
    • Kupffer cells, mast cells, macrophages in the lung, etc.
  • agrnulocytes:
    • lymphocytes and monocytes
  • granulocytes:
    • neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
21
Q

Neutrophils

A
  • 60-70% of WBCs
  • 4150 cells/micro liter
  • 9-12 micrometer diameter
  • nucleus with 3-5 lobes in S- or C-shaped array
  • fine reddish to violet specific granules in cytoplasm
  • differential count increases in bacterial infections
    Functions:
    • phagocytize bacteria
    • secrete antimicrobial chemicals
22
Q

Eosinophils

A
  • 2-4% of WBCs
  • 170 cells/micro liter
  • 10-14 micrometer diameter
  • nucleus usually with two large lobes connected by thin strand
  • large orange-pink specific granules in cytoplasm
  • differential count fluctuates greatly for variety of reasons
    Functions:
    • phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals
    • secrete enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites such as worms
23
Q

Basophils

A
  • 3-8% of WBCs
  • 40 cells/micro liter
  • 8-10 micrometer diameter
  • nucleus large and irregularly shaped, but typically obscured from view
  • coarse, abundant, dark violet specific granules in cytoplasm
  • differential count relatively stable (increases in chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes mellitus, myxedema, and polycythemia)
    Functions:
    • secretes histamine (vasodilator)
    • secretes heparin (anticoagulant - promotes mobility of other WBCs by preventing clotting)
24
Q

Monocytes

A
  • 3-8% of WBCs
  • 460 cells/micro liter
  • 12-15 micrometer diameter
  • nucleus ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped
  • abundant light violet cytoplasm with sparse, fine, nonspecific granules
  • sometime very large with stellate or polygonal shapes
  • differential count increases with infections and inflammation
    Functions:
    • differentiate into macrophages
    • phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dead cells
    • present antigens to activate other cells of immune system
25
Q

Lymphocytes

A
  • 25-33% of WBCs
  • 2200 cells/micro liter
  • Diameters:
    • small class = 5-8 micrometers
    • medium class = 12-12 micrometers
    • large class = 14-17 micrometers
  • nucleus round, ovoid, or slightly dimples on one side
  • uniform dark violet color nucleus with light blue cytoplasm (small class = very little cytoplasm)
  • differential count increases in diverse infections and immune responses
    Functions:
    • several functional classes
    • destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells
    • present antigens to activate other immune cells
    • coordinate actions of other immune cells
    • secrete antibodies
    • serve in immune memory
26
Q

Leukocyte Life Cycle

A
  • leukopoiesis - production of WBCs
  • granulocytes and monocytes stay in red marrow until needed
  • B lymphocytes and natural killer cells mature in bone marrow
  • T lymphocytes mature in thymus
  • Leukocyte life span ranges (few days to decades)
27
Q

Platelets

A
  • small fragments of megakaryocytes that aid in blood clotting
  • NO nucleus but do have other organelles, an open canlicular system, and pseudopods (when activated)
    Functions:
    • clot formation
    • vasoconstriction
    • clot dissolving
    • destruction of bacteria
    • stimulation of mitosis for healing
28
Q

Platelet Production

A
  • thrombopoiesis
  • some hematopoietic stem cells become megakaryoblasts
  • megakaryocotes sprout proplatelet tendrils in red marrow
  • many proplatelets are broken into platelets within lung capillaries
29
Q

Hemostasis

A
  • hemostsis - cessation of bleeding
  • platelets release serotonin and clotting factors
  • serotonin triggers vasoconstriction
  • platelet plug seals vessels
  • clotting factors convert fibrinogen to sticky fibrin
  • once crisis passes, platelets secrete growth factors to trigger healing and other factors that cause dissolving of the clot
30
Q

Hematology in Old Age

A
  • elderly do not adapt well to stresses on hemopoietic system due to many possible causes:
    • inadequate nutrition
    • inadequate exercise
    • atrophy of the kidneys
    • limited number of cell divisions of stem cells
  • thrombosis = abnormal clotting in unbroken vessels (can cause stroke, heart failure)
31
Q

Erythrocyte Disorders

A
  • Anemia = decreased oxygen carrying
    • depressed erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
    • hemolysis
    • hemorrhage
  • Polycythemia = excessive RBCs
    • cancer of bone marrow
32
Q

Leukocyte Disorders

A
  • Leukopenia = WBC deficiency
    • heavy metal poisoning
    • radiation exposure
    • AIDS
  • Leukemia = high WBC counts
    • cancer of hematopoietic tissue
33
Q

Thrombocytopenia

A
  • platelet deficiency
  • leukemia
  • radiation

BIOL 3010K (19 decks)

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