Chapter 19 - Blood Flashcards
1
Q
Circulatory Functions
A
- Transport
- Protection
- Regulation
2
Q
Circulatory Function: Transport
A
move respiratory gases (O2, CO2), nutrients, wastes, hormones, stem cells
3
Q
Circulatory Function: Protection
A
- clotting prevents blood loss
- inflammation, WBCs, and antibodies fight toxins and infections
4
Q
Circulatory Function: Regulation
A
- balancing of fluid levels, pH, and temperature
5
Q
Components of Blood
A
- Plasma - clear, extracellular fluid (matrix)
- Formed elements:
- Cells and cell fragments
- Erythrocytes (RBCs)
- Leukocytes (WBCs)
- Platelets (fragments of bone marrow)
6
Q
Blood Plasma
A
- makes up little more than half of whole blood
- serum is plasma minus solids
- mostly water (92% by weight)
- proteins: albumins, globulins, fibrinogen, enzymes…
- nutrients: glucose, amino acids, lactic acid, lipids…
- electrolytes: salts of Na, K, Mg, Ca, Cl…
- nitrogenous wastes: urea and others
- hormones
- gases: O2, CO2, N
7
Q
Albumin
A
- 60%
- major contributor to blood viscosity and osmolarity; transports lipids, hormones, calcium, and other solutes; buffers blood pH
8
Q
Globulins
A
- 36%
- alpha globulins:
- haptoglobulin
- ceruloplasmin
- prothrombin
- others
- beta globulins:
- transferrin
- complement proteins
- others
- gamma globulins
9
Q
Haptoglobulin
A
- alpha globulin
- transports hemoglobin released by dead erythrocytes
10
Q
Ceruloplasmin
A
- alpha globulin
- transports copper
11
Q
Prothrombin
A
- alpha globulin
- promotes blood clotting
12
Q
“Other” Alpha Globulins
A
transport lipids, fat-soluble vitamins, and hormones
13
Q
Fibrinogen
A
- 4%
- becomes fibrin, the major component of blood clots
14
Q
Erythrocytes
A
- red blood cells
- carry O2 and CO2
- discoid shape
- lacks nucleus, mitochondria, other organelles
- carries millions of hemoglobin molecules
- molecules on membrane determine blood type
15
Q
Quantity of Erythocytes
A
- RBC count:
- Men: 4.6-6.2 million RBCs/micro liter
- Women: 4.2-5.4 million RBCs/micro liter
- Hematocrit (packed cell volume)
- Men: 45-52%
- Women: 37-48%
16
Q
Hemoglobin
A
- iron-containing gas-transport protein
- found in RBC
- four globins with a heme group
- ferrous ions in center bind oxygen
17
Q
Hemopoiesis
A
- production of blood
- myeloid hemopoiesis (all types of formed elements) occurs in red bone marrow
- lymphoid hemopoiesis (lymphocytes) in lymphatic organs
18
Q
Erythropoiesis
A
- production of RBCs
- originate from hemopoietic stem cells
- erythropoiesis process lasts 3-5 days
- lifespan of RBC is approx. 120 days
19
Q
Blood Types
A
- several genetically determined blood groups with multiple types
- ABO and Rh most common
- RBC contains glycolipid antigens on membrane
- plasma contains antibodies that react against foreign antigens
20
Q
Leukocytes
A
- white blood cells (WBCs)
- protect against pathogens
- least abundant of the formed elements
- migrate out of the bloodstream into connective tissues
- Kupffer cells, mast cells, macrophages in the lung, etc.
- agrnulocytes:
- lymphocytes and monocytes
- granulocytes:
- neutrophils, eosinophils, and basophils
21
Q
Neutrophils
A
- 60-70% of WBCs
- 4150 cells/micro liter
- 9-12 micrometer diameter
- nucleus with 3-5 lobes in S- or C-shaped array
- fine reddish to violet specific granules in cytoplasm
- differential count increases in bacterial infections
Functions:- phagocytize bacteria
- secrete antimicrobial chemicals
22
Q
Eosinophils
A
- 2-4% of WBCs
- 170 cells/micro liter
- 10-14 micrometer diameter
- nucleus usually with two large lobes connected by thin strand
- large orange-pink specific granules in cytoplasm
- differential count fluctuates greatly for variety of reasons
Functions:- phagocytize antigen-antibody complexes, allergens, and inflammatory chemicals
- secrete enzymes that weaken or destroy parasites such as worms
23
Q
Basophils
A
- 3-8% of WBCs
- 40 cells/micro liter
- 8-10 micrometer diameter
- nucleus large and irregularly shaped, but typically obscured from view
- coarse, abundant, dark violet specific granules in cytoplasm
- differential count relatively stable (increases in chickenpox, sinusitis, diabetes mellitus, myxedema, and polycythemia)
Functions:- secretes histamine (vasodilator)
- secretes heparin (anticoagulant - promotes mobility of other WBCs by preventing clotting)
24
Q
Monocytes
A
- 3-8% of WBCs
- 460 cells/micro liter
- 12-15 micrometer diameter
- nucleus ovoid, kidney-shaped, or horseshoe-shaped
- abundant light violet cytoplasm with sparse, fine, nonspecific granules
- sometime very large with stellate or polygonal shapes
- differential count increases with infections and inflammation
Functions:- differentiate into macrophages
- phagocytize pathogens, dead neutrophils, and debris of dead cells
- present antigens to activate other cells of immune system
25
Q
Lymphocytes
A
- 25-33% of WBCs
- 2200 cells/micro liter
- Diameters:
- small class = 5-8 micrometers
- medium class = 12-12 micrometers
- large class = 14-17 micrometers
- nucleus round, ovoid, or slightly dimples on one side
- uniform dark violet color nucleus with light blue cytoplasm (small class = very little cytoplasm)
- differential count increases in diverse infections and immune responses
Functions:- several functional classes
- destroy cancer cells, cells infected with viruses, and foreign cells
- present antigens to activate other immune cells
- coordinate actions of other immune cells
- secrete antibodies
- serve in immune memory
26
Q
Leukocyte Life Cycle
A
- leukopoiesis - production of WBCs
- granulocytes and monocytes stay in red marrow until needed
- B lymphocytes and natural killer cells mature in bone marrow
- T lymphocytes mature in thymus
- Leukocyte life span ranges (few days to decades)
27
Q
Platelets
A
- small fragments of megakaryocytes that aid in blood clotting
- NO nucleus but do have other organelles, an open canlicular system, and pseudopods (when activated)
Functions:- clot formation
- vasoconstriction
- clot dissolving
- destruction of bacteria
- stimulation of mitosis for healing
28
Q
Platelet Production
A
- thrombopoiesis
- some hematopoietic stem cells become megakaryoblasts
- megakaryocotes sprout proplatelet tendrils in red marrow
- many proplatelets are broken into platelets within lung capillaries
29
Q
Hemostasis
A
- hemostsis - cessation of bleeding
- platelets release serotonin and clotting factors
- serotonin triggers vasoconstriction
- platelet plug seals vessels
- clotting factors convert fibrinogen to sticky fibrin
- once crisis passes, platelets secrete growth factors to trigger healing and other factors that cause dissolving of the clot
30
Q
Hematology in Old Age
A
- elderly do not adapt well to stresses on hemopoietic system due to many possible causes:
- inadequate nutrition
- inadequate exercise
- atrophy of the kidneys
- limited number of cell divisions of stem cells
- thrombosis = abnormal clotting in unbroken vessels (can cause stroke, heart failure)
31
Q
Erythrocyte Disorders
A
- Anemia = decreased oxygen carrying
- depressed erythropoiesis or hemoglobin synthesis
- hemolysis
- hemorrhage
- Polycythemia = excessive RBCs
- cancer of bone marrow
32
Q
Leukocyte Disorders
A
- Leukopenia = WBC deficiency
- heavy metal poisoning
- radiation exposure
- AIDS
- Leukemia = high WBC counts
- cancer of hematopoietic tissue
33
Q
Thrombocytopenia
A
- platelet deficiency
- leukemia
- radiation
