Chapter 3 - Tissues Flashcards
Primary Tissue Classes
Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular
Epithelial Tissue
Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces or form glands; serves for protection, secretion, and absorption
(epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, liver, other glands)
Connective Tissue
Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume; often specialized to support, bind, and protect organs
(tendons & ligaments, cartilage & bone, blood & lymph)
Nervous Tissue
Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of information to other cells
(brain, spinal cord, nerves)
Muscular Tissue
Tissue composed of elongated, excitable cells specialized for contraction
(skeletal muscle, heart, walls of viscera)
Histological Sections Preparation
- Fixation
- Section
- Staining
- Observation
Planes of Histological Sections
- Longitudnal
- Transverse
- Oblique
Histological Smears and Spreads Examples
- Spinal cord
- Blood
- Areolar tissue
Epithelial Tissue Characteristics
- One or more layers
- Closely adhered cells = skin
- Form surfaces = lines organs
- Avascular
- Basement membrane
- Basal and apical surfaces
Classes of Epithelium
- Simple
- Pseudostratified
- Stratified
Epithelial Cell Shapes
- Squamous
- Cuboidal
- Columnar
Simple Epithelium
- Every cell has contact with basement membrane
- Simple squamous
- Simple cuboidal
- Simple columnar
- Pseudostratified columnar (Goblet cells)
Stratified Epithelium
- Two or more layers
- Named by top layer
- Stratified squamous
- Stratified cuboidal
- Stratified columnar
- Transitional
Stratified Squamous Epithelium
- Formation of protective, superficial layers (15-30) of cells
- Keratinized = tough, resist water
- Nonkeratinized = resists abrasion, can dry out, (oral cavity, esophagus, anus)
Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium
- Relatively rare
- Ducts of sweat glands & larger ducts of mammary glands
Transitional Epithelium
- Unusual stratified epithelium
- Repeated stretching and recoiling without damage
- Bladder, kidney calyces
Characteristics of Connective Tissue
- Binding of organs = tendons, ligaments, fat
- Support = bone, cartilage
- Physical protection = bone, fat
- Immune protection = blood, skin, mucous
- Movement = bone, cartilage
- Storage = bone, fat
- Heat production = brown fat
- Transportation = blood
Cells of Fibrous Connective Tissue
- Fibroblasts
- Macrophages
- Leukocytes
- Plasma cells
- Mast cells
- Adipocytes
Fibroblasts
produce fibers and ground substance
Macrophages
eat bacteria and debris
Leukocytes
WBCs (such as neutrophils and lymphocytes) that help in body defenses
Plasma cell
produce antibodies
Mast cells
produce heparin and histamine
Adipocytes
fat cells
Fibers of Fibrous Connective Tissue
- Collagenous
- Reticular
- Elastic
Collagenous Fibers
tough and flexible (tendons & ligaments)
Reticular Fibers
thin collagen fibers (spleen & lymph nodes)
Elastic Fibers
stretch & recoil (lungs)
Types of Loose Connective Tissue
- Areolar
- Reticular
- Adipose
Areolar Connective Tissue
- loose connective tissue
- abundant
- binds epithelia to deeper tissue
Reticular Connective Tissue
- loose connective tissue
- support lymphatic organs
- (spleen, liver, & lymph nodes)
Adipose Connective Tissue
- loose connective tissue
- stores energy
- provides protection & insulation
Dense Regular Connective Tissue
- highly organized fibers
- mainly fibroblasts
- tendons & ligaments
- elastic tissue (in vocal cords & stabilize vertebrae)
Dense Irregular Connective Tissue
- random arrangement of fibers
- resists stress
- most of dermis
- protective capsules (liver, kidney, spleen)
Cartilage
- chondroblasts
- lacunae
- chondrocytes
- avascular
- subtypes: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
Subtypes of Cartilage
- Hyaline (trachea)
- Elastic (ears)
- Fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs)
Types of Bone
- Spongy bone
2. Compact (dense) bone
Spongy Bone
- interior of bones
- reduces weight of skeleton
- trabeculae
- no capillaries or venules
Compact (Dense) Bone
- protect, support, & resist stress
- parallel osteons
- central canal (haversian)
- lamellae
- osteocytes
- canaliculi
Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood
- plasma
- erythrocytes (RBCs)
- leukocytes (WBCs)
- platelets
Nervous Tissue
- neuroglia (glial) cells = support neurons
- neurons = transmit information
- parts of neurons = neurosome (body), dendrites (to), axon (away)
Muscular Tissue Types
- Skeletal
- Cardiac
- Smooth
Skeletal Muscle
- muscle fibers
- striations
- voluntary
- multi-nucleated
Cardiac Muscle
- cardiocytes (myocytes) - branched cells
- striations
- intercalated discs
- involuntary
Smooth Muscle
- fusiform myocytes - spindle-shaped
- non-striated
- involuntary
Hyperplasia
cell multiplication (embryonic & childhood growth)
Hypertrophy
enlargement of cells (fat & skeletal muscle)
Neoplasia
tumor development
Differentiation
specialization of form or function
Metaplasia
change from one tissue to another (e.g. smokers, blacked nasal cavity, vaginal lining)
Regeneration
replacement of dead cells
Fibrosis
scar tissue development
Atrophy
reduction in size or number
Necrosis
premature death of cell
Infarction
type of necrosis, cut-off blood supply
Gangrene
type of necrosis, insufficient blood supply
Apoptosis
programmed cell death (e.g. webbed toes/fingers, uterus shrinking)
