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BIOL 3010K > Chapter 3 - Tissues > Flashcards

Chapter 3 - Tissues Flashcards

1
Q

Primary Tissue Classes

A

Epithelial
Connective
Nervous
Muscular

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2
Q

Epithelial Tissue

A

Tissue composed of layers of closely spaced cells that cover organ surfaces or form glands; serves for protection, secretion, and absorption
(epidermis, inner lining of digestive tract, liver, other glands)

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3
Q

Connective Tissue

A

Tissue with usually more matrix than cell volume; often specialized to support, bind, and protect organs
(tendons & ligaments, cartilage & bone, blood & lymph)

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4
Q

Nervous Tissue

A

Tissue containing excitable cells specialized for rapid transmission of information to other cells
(brain, spinal cord, nerves)

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5
Q

Muscular Tissue

A

Tissue composed of elongated, excitable cells specialized for contraction
(skeletal muscle, heart, walls of viscera)

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6
Q

Histological Sections Preparation

A
  • Fixation
  • Section
  • Staining
  • Observation
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7
Q

Planes of Histological Sections

A
  • Longitudnal
  • Transverse
  • Oblique
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8
Q

Histological Smears and Spreads Examples

A
  • Spinal cord
  • Blood
  • Areolar tissue
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9
Q

Epithelial Tissue Characteristics

A
  1. One or more layers
  2. Closely adhered cells = skin
  3. Form surfaces = lines organs
  4. Avascular
  5. Basement membrane
  6. Basal and apical surfaces
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10
Q

Classes of Epithelium

A
  • Simple
  • Pseudostratified
  • Stratified
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11
Q

Epithelial Cell Shapes

A
  • Squamous
  • Cuboidal
  • Columnar
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12
Q

Simple Epithelium

A
  • Every cell has contact with basement membrane
  • Simple squamous
  • Simple cuboidal
  • Simple columnar
  • Pseudostratified columnar (Goblet cells)
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13
Q

Stratified Epithelium

A
  • Two or more layers
  • Named by top layer
  • Stratified squamous
  • Stratified cuboidal
  • Stratified columnar
  • Transitional
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14
Q

Stratified Squamous Epithelium

A
  • Formation of protective, superficial layers (15-30) of cells
  • Keratinized = tough, resist water
  • Nonkeratinized = resists abrasion, can dry out, (oral cavity, esophagus, anus)
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15
Q

Stratified Cuboidal Epithelium

A
  • Relatively rare

- Ducts of sweat glands & larger ducts of mammary glands

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16
Q

Transitional Epithelium

A
  • Unusual stratified epithelium
  • Repeated stretching and recoiling without damage
  • Bladder, kidney calyces
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17
Q

Characteristics of Connective Tissue

A
  1. Binding of organs = tendons, ligaments, fat
  2. Support = bone, cartilage
  3. Physical protection = bone, fat
  4. Immune protection = blood, skin, mucous
  5. Movement = bone, cartilage
  6. Storage = bone, fat
  7. Heat production = brown fat
  8. Transportation = blood
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18
Q

Cells of Fibrous Connective Tissue

A
  • Fibroblasts
  • Macrophages
  • Leukocytes
  • Plasma cells
  • Mast cells
  • Adipocytes
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19
Q

Fibroblasts

A

produce fibers and ground substance

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20
Q

Macrophages

A

eat bacteria and debris

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21
Q

Leukocytes

A

WBCs (such as neutrophils and lymphocytes) that help in body defenses

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22
Q

Plasma cell

A

produce antibodies

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23
Q

Mast cells

A

produce heparin and histamine

24
Q

Adipocytes

A

fat cells

25
Q

Fibers of Fibrous Connective Tissue

A
  • Collagenous
  • Reticular
  • Elastic
26
Q

Collagenous Fibers

A

tough and flexible (tendons & ligaments)

27
Q

Reticular Fibers

A

thin collagen fibers (spleen & lymph nodes)

28
Q

Elastic Fibers

A

stretch & recoil (lungs)

29
Q

Types of Loose Connective Tissue

A
  • Areolar
  • Reticular
  • Adipose
30
Q

Areolar Connective Tissue

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • abundant
  • binds epithelia to deeper tissue
31
Q

Reticular Connective Tissue

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • support lymphatic organs
  • (spleen, liver, & lymph nodes)
32
Q

Adipose Connective Tissue

A
  • loose connective tissue
  • stores energy
  • provides protection & insulation
33
Q

Dense Regular Connective Tissue

A
  • highly organized fibers
  • mainly fibroblasts
  • tendons & ligaments
  • elastic tissue (in vocal cords & stabilize vertebrae)
34
Q

Dense Irregular Connective Tissue

A
  • random arrangement of fibers
  • resists stress
  • most of dermis
  • protective capsules (liver, kidney, spleen)
35
Q

Cartilage

A
  • chondroblasts
  • lacunae
  • chondrocytes
  • avascular
  • subtypes: hyaline, elastic, fibrocartilage
36
Q

Subtypes of Cartilage

A
  1. Hyaline (trachea)
  2. Elastic (ears)
  3. Fibrocartilage (intervertebral discs)
37
Q

Types of Bone

A
  1. Spongy bone

2. Compact (dense) bone

38
Q

Spongy Bone

A
  • interior of bones
  • reduces weight of skeleton
  • trabeculae
  • no capillaries or venules
39
Q

Compact (Dense) Bone

A
  • protect, support, & resist stress
  • parallel osteons
    • central canal (haversian)
    • lamellae
    • osteocytes
    • canaliculi
40
Q

Fluid Connective Tissue: Blood

A
  • plasma
  • erythrocytes (RBCs)
  • leukocytes (WBCs)
  • platelets
41
Q

Nervous Tissue

A
  • neuroglia (glial) cells = support neurons
  • neurons = transmit information
  • parts of neurons = neurosome (body), dendrites (to), axon (away)
42
Q

Muscular Tissue Types

A
  1. Skeletal
  2. Cardiac
  3. Smooth
43
Q

Skeletal Muscle

A
  • muscle fibers
  • striations
  • voluntary
  • multi-nucleated
44
Q

Cardiac Muscle

A
  • cardiocytes (myocytes) - branched cells
  • striations
  • intercalated discs
  • involuntary
45
Q

Smooth Muscle

A
  • fusiform myocytes - spindle-shaped
  • non-striated
  • involuntary
46
Q

Hyperplasia

A

cell multiplication (embryonic & childhood growth)

47
Q

Hypertrophy

A

enlargement of cells (fat & skeletal muscle)

48
Q

Neoplasia

A

tumor development

49
Q

Differentiation

A

specialization of form or function

50
Q

Metaplasia

A

change from one tissue to another (e.g. smokers, blacked nasal cavity, vaginal lining)

51
Q

Regeneration

A

replacement of dead cells

52
Q

Fibrosis

A

scar tissue development

53
Q

Atrophy

A

reduction in size or number

54
Q

Necrosis

A

premature death of cell

55
Q

Infarction

A

type of necrosis, cut-off blood supply

56
Q

Gangrene

A

type of necrosis, insufficient blood supply

57
Q

Apoptosis

A

programmed cell death (e.g. webbed toes/fingers, uterus shrinking)

BIOL 3010K (19 decks)

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