Chapter 23 - Respiratory System Flashcards
1
Q
Functions of Respiratory System
A
- gas Exchange (O2, CO2, between air, blood)
- communication/vocalization
- olfaction
- helps control pH (acid-base balance)
- aids in regulating blood pressure by assisting in angiotensin II production
- help create pressure gradients for flow of lymph and venous blood
- expulsion of abdominal contents (defecation)
2
Q
Principal Organs of the Respiratory System
A
- nose
- pharynx
- larynx
- trachea
- lungs
- bronchi
- pleurae
- respiratory muscles
3
Q
Conducting Division of Respiratory Tract
A
- passages for airflow only (without gas exchange)
- nostrils through bronchioles
4
Q
Respiratory Division of Respiratory Tract
A
- gas exchange areas
- alveoli and other distal gas-exchange regions
5
Q
Upper Respiratory Tract
A
nose through the larynx (respiratory organs of the head and neck)
6
Q
Lower Respiratory Tract
A
trachea through the lungs (respiratory organs of the thorax)
7
Q
Pathway of Air (nose through pharynx)
A
- nostril
- nasal cavity
- posterior nasal aperture
- nasopharynx
- oropharynx
- laryngopharynx
- pharynx
8
Q
Nose
A
- warms, humidifies, and cleanses air
- detects odors
- resonates voice
- externally shaped by nasal bones and cartilages
- from nares to posterior nasal apertures:
- nasal septum - septal cartilage, vomer, perpendicular plate of ethmoid bone
- superior, middle, inferior nasal conchae
- olfactory and respiratory epithelia
9
Q
Pharynx
A
Three divisions:
- nasopharynx
- posterior to choanae and soft palate
- houses pharyngeal tonsil
- ciliated pseudostratified epithelium
- oropharynx
- posterior to root of tongue, extends from inferior tip of the soft palate to superior tip of the epiglottis
- entry from mouth
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
- laryngopharynx
- from tip of epiglottis to esophagus
- nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium
10
Q
Larynx
A
- “voice box”
- keeps food out of airway with epiglottis
- 9 prominent cartilages (incl. thyroid cartilage on anterior aspect)
- houses vocal cords and vestibular folds
11
Q
Pathway of Air (trachea to pulmonary alveoli)
A
- trachea
- primary (main) bronchi
- secondary (lobar) bronchi
- tertiary (segmental) bronchi
- bronchioles
- terminal bronchioles
- respiratory bronchioles
- alveolar ducts
- alveolar sacs
12
Q
Trachea
A
- tube anterior to esophagus
- c-shaped rings of hyaline cartilage
- carina: internal median ridge on lowest tracheal cartilage
- inner lining: ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium w/ goblet cells (mucociliary escalator)
- adventitia: outermost connective tissue connecting trachea to neighboring organs
13
Q
Lungs
A
- superior apex, inferior base
- costals surface
- mediastinal surface
- hilum - slit
- root - bronchi, vessels, nerves
- left lung has cardiac impression w/ notch
- lobes separated by fissures
- left lung = 2 lobes
- right lung = 3 lobes
14
Q
Bronchial Tree
A
- Main bronchi (right is wider, more vertical)
- Lobar bronchi (five total, one for each lobe)
- Segmental bronchi
- all bronchi lined with ciliated pseudostratified columnar epithelium and surrounded by smooth muscle
- bronchioles <1mm in diameter
- ventilates a pulmonary lobule
- each splits into 50+ terminal bronchioles
- surrounded by smooth muscle
15
Q
Bronchioles
A
Terminal Bronchioles - final branches of conducting zone - lined with smooth muscle Respiratory Bronchioles - have alveoli (alveolar ducts, alveolar sacs)
