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Microbiology > chapter 6: microbial growth and nutrition > Flashcards

chapter 6: microbial growth and nutrition Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

How do microbes grow?

A

they grow in population not size

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2
Q

colony

A

aggregation of cells arising from CFU

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3
Q

CFU

A

colony forming unit

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4
Q

What do cells require for metabolism?

A

a carbon source, a source of energy, and a source of electrons and hydrogen

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5
Q

autotrophs

A

use inorganic sources as the sole source of carbon, make organic compounds from CO2

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6
Q

heterotrophs

A

catabolize reduced organic molecules that they acquire from other organisms

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7
Q

photons

A

contain lots of energy

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8
Q

phototrophs

A

use light as an energy source

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9
Q

chemotrophs

A

acquire energy from redox reactions

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10
Q

redox reactions

A

reduction and oxidation

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11
Q

nitrification

A

fixes atmospheric nitrogen

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12
Q

What is the common element in all cells?

A

hydrogen

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13
Q

organotrophs

A

acquire electrons from organic molecules

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14
Q

lithotrophs

A

acquire electrons and hydrogen from inorganic sources

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15
Q

obligate aerobes

A

need oxygen to live

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16
Q

clostridium tetani

A

anaerobe that produces tetanus

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17
Q

clostridium botilinum

A

botox

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18
Q

What are the 4 types of toxic oxygen?

A

singlet oxygen, superoxide radical, peroxide anion, and hydroxyl radical

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19
Q

carotenoids

A

pigments in phototropic microorganisms that prevents toxicity by removing excess energy from singlet oxygen

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20
Q

superoxide radicals

A

very reactive and toxic to aerobes that must use superoxide dismutase enzymes to detox them

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21
Q

Why are anaerobes sensitive to oxygen?

A

they lack superoxide dismutase

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22
Q

Which type of toxic oxygen is a very reactive oxidizing agent?

A

singlet oxygen

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23
Q

facultative anaerobes

A

-Aerobes that can maintain life by fermentation or anaerobic respiration
- Have a reduced metabolic efficiency

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24
Q

aerotolerant anaerobes

A

Dont use aerobic metabolism but can tolerate oxygen because of detoxifying enzymes

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25
Q

microaerophiles

A

Require oxygen in levels from 2%-10%
It can be damaged at higher oxygen levels

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26
Q

All the bacteria in a test tube are gathered at the top. What organism is this?

A

obligate aerobes

27
Q

All the bacteria in a test tube is gathered at the bottom. What organism is this?

A

obligate anerobes

28
Q

All the bacteria in a test tube are mostly at the top. What organism is this?

A

facultative anaerobes

29
Q

All the bacteria are dispersed throughout. What organism is this?

A

aerotolerant anaerobes

30
Q

nitrogen

A

often the growth limiting nutrient for many organisms

31
Q

nitrogen fixation

A

reduction of nitrogen gas to ammonia and an essential process for life on earth

32
Q

trace elements

A

other elements required in small amounts

33
Q

growth factors

A

organic chemicals that most organisms cannot synthesize

34
Q

ruminants

A

animals with rumen, a stomach sac with microflora

35
Q

microflora

A

helps to digest cellulose

36
Q

What are the 4 cow stomachs?

A

rumen, reticulum, omasum, abomasum

37
Q

What happens to proteins at high temps?

A

they denature and hydrogen bonds break

38
Q

minimum growth temp

A

lowest temp an organism can conduct metabolism

39
Q

maximum growth temp

A

the highest temp at which an organism can metabolize

40
Q

optimum growth temp

A

the temp at which an organisms metabolic activity is at the highest

41
Q

physchrophiles

A

0-20

42
Q

mesophiles

A

37 C

43
Q

thermophiles

A

70 C

44
Q

hyperthermophiles

A

120 C

45
Q

neutrophiles

A

live in pH range of 6.5-7.5

46
Q

acidophiles

A

grow best in acidic habitats

47
Q

alkalinophiles

A

live in alkaline soils and water

48
Q

antagonistic relationships

A

one organisms harms or kills the other

49
Q

synergistic relationships

A

each member receives a benefit that exceeds that of what they’d have on their own

50
Q

symbiotic relationships

A

organisms that live in contact so well that they depend on one another and rarely live outside the relationship

51
Q

biofilm

A

complex community of bacteria living together

52
Q

What are the benefits of the polymeric matrix of biofilm?

A

it can sequester substances in the film and protect the biofilm from antimicrobial drugs or the host’s immune response

53
Q

qurom sensing

A

bacteria responds to the density of nearby bacteria and molecules to communicate with other bacteria

54
Q

What happens if biofilms communicate?

A

it can cause cystic fibrosis, kidney infections

55
Q

binary fission

A

cell grows to twice its size and divides in half to produce two daughter cells of equal size

56
Q

generation time

A

the time required for a bacterial cell to grow and divide

57
Q

arithmetic growth

A

simple addition,

58
Q

exponential growth

A

2n

59
Q

lag phase

A

cells adjust to their environment and prepare to divide

60
Q

log phase

A

rapid reproduction once necessary chemicals have been synthesized

61
Q

stationary phase

A

nutrients are used up, wastes accumulate, reproduction decreases, stays the same

62
Q

death

A

cells die faster than they are produced

63
Q

When would it be beneficial to use viable plate counts?

A

when the number of bacteria is too much

64
Q

membrane filtration

A

when you have few bacteria and lots of solution

Microbiology (15 decks)

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