Chapter 2: Chemistry of Microbiology Flashcards
What classifies a molecule as organic?
it has to have carbon
macromolecules
large molecules used by all organisms
What are the five types of macromolecules?
lipids
carbohydrates
proteins
nucleic acids
ATP
monomers
basic building blocks of macromolecules
polymerization
the process of making polymers
lipids
-hydrophobic
-have no monomer
What are the four groups of lipids?
triglycerides, waxes, steroids, phospholipids
triglycerides
made up of 3 fatty acids and glycerol
Unsaturated fatty acids
have a double bond between carbon and hydrogen
phospholipids
hydrophilic heads and hydrophobic tails
-made up of 2 fatty acids, a phosphate group, and glycerol
waxes
lack hydrophilic heads making them extremely hydrophobic
mycolic acid
type of wax found in mycobacterium tuberculosis making it hard for antibiotics to permeate it
steroids
include cholesterol in humans/animals and ergosterol in fungi
carbohydrates
composed of carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen
long term storage of chemical energy
part of the backbones of nucleic acid
converted to amino acids
What are the 3 types of carbohydrates?
monosaccharides, polysaccharides, and disaccharides
acetylglucosamine (NAG) and muramic acid (NAM)
apart of the cell wall and make peptidoglycan
Types of monosaccharides
glucose, fructose
Types of polysaccharides
glycogen and cellulose
Types of disaccharides
sucrose, lactose
Proteins
important for structure
enzymatic catalysis
All enzymes are proteins except for?
ribozyme
What are the monomers of proteins?
amino acids
What bonds do amino acids form?
covalent peptide bond
What is a major difference in all proteins?
the R group or functional group
transcription
copying DNA into RNA
translation
making proteins
What is the first protein found in the body along with its triplet code?
methionine, ATG
What bond is the primary structure?
peptide bond
What bond is the secondary structure?
hydrogen bond
What bond is the tertiary structure?
disulfate bond
What is the monomer of nucleic acid?
nucleotides
What 3 parts make up nucleotides?
phosphate. pentose sugar, and a nitrogenous base
What bonds do nucleic acid have?
covalent bonds
Are the two DNA strands parallel or antiparallel?
anti-parallel
Where does DNA run?
5’ to 3’
Which end is hydroxyl and which end is phosphate?
the 3’ end is hydroxyl and 5’ is phosphate
ATP
adenosine triphosphate
short term energy supply for cells
