Chapter 1: History of Microbiology Flashcards
Antoni Van Leewenhoek
made and used simple microscopes to observe microorganisms
-father of microbiology
Carolus Linnaeus
developed a taxonomic system that helped name plants/animals and helped group similar organisms together
taxonomy
system of naming and grouping
eukaryotes
have membrane-bound nucleus
What are the six categories of microbes?
bacteria, archaea, fungi, protozoa, algae, small multicellular animals
bacteria and archaea
unicellular
no nuclei
thrive in moisture
asexual reproduction
smaller than eukaryotes
fungi
eukaryotic
have cell walls
molds and yeasts are examples
obtain food from other organisms or saprophytic
protozoa
single-celled eukaryotes
mostly asexual
most can perform locomotion
algae
unicellular or multicellular
photosynthetic
simple reproductive structures
Why is Leeuwenhoek the father of microbiology?
he made and used simple microscopes to examine microorganisms
abiogenesis
spontaneous generation
What were the four questions posed during the Golden Age?
Is spontaneous generation possible?
What causes fermentation?
What causes disease?
How can we prevent infection and disease?
What was Aristotle’s approach to spontaneous generation?
living things arise from from nonliving matter
What was Needhams’s approach to spontaneous generation?
large animals could not arise spontaneously but microbes could
What was created as a result of all of the spontaneous generation experiments?
scientific method
1. Ask a question
2. Hypothesis
3. Experiment
4. Analyze
5. Conclusion
pasteurization
process of heating liquids just enough to kill most bacteria
What did Buchner reveal about fermentation?
does not require living cells
What causes fermentation?
yeast
germ theory of disease
some diseases are caused by specific germs called pathogens
What did Robert Koch study?
etiology of disease using petri dishes and staining
What is the most widely used staining technique and why?
Gram’s stain because it can differentiate between bacteria types
What are Koch’s postulates?
-the suspected causative agent must be found in every case of the disease and be absent from healthy hosts
-agent must be isolated and grown outside the hosts
-when the agent is introduced to a healthy host and host must get the disease
-same agent must be found in the diseased experimental hosts
Semmelweis
introduced the idea of handwashing
Lister
created the antiseptic technique of cleaning instruments
Florence Nightingale
mother of modern nursing
John Snow
created infection control and epidemiology
Jenner
introduced vaccines and studied immunology
Ehrlich
started the field of chemotherapy
Why might Nightingale be considered the Mother of Nursing?
she founded modern nursing and saved tons of patients
What are the basic chemical reactions of life?
biochemistry
How can biochemistry be applied?
-design of herbicides/pesticides
-diagnosis of illness
-treatment of metabolic diseases
-drug design
How do genes work?
genes are contained in molecules of DNA
Beadle and Tatum
established that a gene’s activity is related to protein function
What role do microorganisms play in the environment?
bioremediation which uses living bacteria and other microbes to detoxify polluted environments
recycle chemicals
serology
study of blood serum
immunology
study of the body’s defenses against specific pathogens
bacteriology
bacteria and archaea
phycology
algae
mycology
fungi
protozoology
protozoa
parasitology
parasites
virology
viruses
microbial genetics
functions of DNA and RNA
epidemiology
spread of disease
