chapter 10

Question 1

drugs

Answer 1

chemicals that affect physiology in any manner

Question 2

chemotherapeutic agent

Answer 2

drugs that act against diseases

Question 3

antimicrobial agents

Answer 3

drugs that treat infections

Question 4

Paul Ehrlich

Answer 4

used arsenic compounds that killed microbes like syphillis

Question 5

Alexander Fleming

Answer 5

discovered that Penicillin is released from Penicillium

Question 6

Gerhard Domagk

Answer 6

discovered sulfanilamide

Question 7

sulfanilamide

Answer 7

drugs that inhibit growth but dont kill it

Question 8

Selman Waksman

Answer 8

discovered antibiotics

Question 9

antibiotics

Answer 9

antimicrobial agents produced naturally by organisms

Question 10

semisynthetics

Answer 10

chemically altered antibiotics that are more effective, longer lasting, or easier to administer than naturally occurring ones

Question 11

synthetics

Answer 11

antimicrobials that are completely synthesized in a lab

Question 12

tetracycline

Answer 12

most abused antibiotic

Question 13

Why aren’t antibiotics effective against the common cold?

Answer 13

antibiotics don’t kill viruses

Question 14

What does chemotherapy have to have in order to be successful?

Answer 14

selective toxicity

Question 15

What are the two types of ribosomes?

Answer 15

70s and 80s

Question 16

where is 70s found?

Answer 16

prokaryotes

Question 17

where is 80s found?

Answer 17

eukaryotes

Question 18

para aminobenzoic acid

Answer 18

substrate used to make DNA/RNA

Question 19

What is a major way of killing microbes?

Answer 19

preventing protein synthesis

Question 20

beta-lactams

Answer 20

very prominent, bind to enzymes that cross link NAM subunits, prevent cell wall synthesis

Question 21

What are the benefits of semi-synthetic beta-lactams?

Answer 21

more stable in acidic environments, can be absorbed easier, and more active against more types of bacteria

Question 22

NAG

Answer 22

acetylglucosamine, apart of the cell wall

Question 23

NAM

Answer 23

muramic acid, apart of the cell wall

Question 24

vancomycin

Answer 24

interfere with bridges that link to NAM in gram positive bacteria

Question 25

cycloserine

Answer 25

interfere with bridges that link to NAM in gram positive bacteria

Question 26

bacitracin

Answer 26

blocks transport of NAG and NAM from cytoplasm

Question 27

isoniazid and ethambutol

Answer 27

disrupt mycolic acid formation in mycobacterial species

Question 28

echinocandins

Answer 28

inhibit the enzyme that helps make the fungal wall

Question 29

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetases

Answer 29

help load amino acids onto tRNA molecules

Question 30

muciprocin

Answer 30

selectively binds to isoleucyl-tRNA synthetase and prevents loading of isoleucine in gram positive

Question 31

isoleucine

Answer 31

essential amino acid

Question 32

How do some drugs disrupt cytoplasmic membranes?

Answer 32

they form channels and damage its integrity

Question 33

nystatin and amphotericin B

Answer 33

attach to ergosterol and disrupt it

Question 34

azoles and allylamines

Answer 34

inhibit the synthesis of ergosterol

Question 35

polymyxin

Answer 35

disrupt cytoplasmic membranes of gram negative and is toxic to human kidneys

Question 36

How can antimetabolic agents be effective?

Answer 36

it the metabolic processes of the host and pathogen are different

Question 37

atovaquone

Answer 37

interferes with electron transport in protozoa and fungi

Question 38

trimethoprim

Answer 38

interferes with the synthesis of nucleotides

Question 39

protease inhibitors

Answer 39

interfere with the enzyme that HIV needs to replicate

Question 40

attachment antagonists

Answer 40

block viral attachment and/or receptor proteins