ch.5 Flashcards
metabolism
all of the body’s chemical reactions
What are the 8 signature statements?
-every cell requires nutrient
-requires energy from light or catabolism of nutrients
-energy is stored in ATP
-cells catabolize nutrients to form precursor metabolites
-precursor metabolites, energy from ATP, and enzymes are used in anabolic reactions
-enzymes and ATP form macromolecules
-cells grow by assembling macromolecules
-cells reproduce once they have 2x in size
catabolism
break larger molecules into smaller products, exergonic (release energy)
anabolism
synthesize large molecules, endergonic requires more energy than the release
oxidation and reduction reactions
transfer of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor, occur simultaneously
What are three majore electron carriers?
NAD+, NADP+, FAD
phosphorylation
inorganic phosphate is added to substrate
What are the different types of phosphorylation?
substrate level, oxidative, photophosphorylation
enzymes
organic catalysts, increase the likelihood of a reaction
-some are activated when a cofactor binds to a site other than the active site
hydrolase
catalyzes hydrolysis
What is an example of hydrolase?
lipase
isomerase
rearrangement of atoms w/in a molecule
ligase/polymerase
joining 2 or more chemicals together (anabolic)
lyase
splitting a chemical into smaller parts w/o using water
oxidoreductase
transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms from 1 molecule to another
trasnferase
moving a functional group from one molecule to another
apoenzymes
inactive if not bound to non protein cofactors
holienzymes
binding of apoenzyme
inhibitors
block an enzyme activity
feedback inhibition
controls the action of some enzymes
competitive inhibition
a molecule other than the substrate binding to the enzyme’s active site
noncompetitive
inhibitor binds to an allosteric site
allosteric site
site that is different from the active site
Carb catabolism
can be oxidized as the primary energy source for anabolic reactions
How can glucose be catabolized?
cellular respiration and fermentation
glycolysis
splits a six carbon source glucose into 2, three carbon sugars
substrate level phosphorylation
the direct transfer of phosphate between 2 substrates
What is the net gain of glycolysis?
2 ATP, 2 NADH, and pyruvic acid
cellular respiration
pyruvic acid is oxidized to produce ATP
What are the three stages of cellular resp.?
synthesis of acetyl CoA, Kreb Cycle, and redox reactions
What are the products of the synthesis of Acetyl CoA?
2 Acetly CoA
2 Co2
2 NADH
Krebs CYcle
the energy remaining in acetyl coa is transferred to NAD
+ and FAD
-occurs in cytosol in prokaryotes and mitochondria in eukaryotes
What are the products of Krebs cycle?
2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH, 4 CO2
ETX
most significant production of ATP
series of carrier molecules passing electrons one to another to final acceptor
What are the 4 carrier molecules?
flavoproteins, ubiquinones, metal-containing proteins, and cytochromes
chemiosmosis
use gradients to form ATP
use the energy released in redox reactions of ETC to make proton gradient
oxidative phosphorylation
proton gradients is created by the oxidation of ETC components
fermentation
some cells can’t oxidize glucose by cellular resp. and need a constant source of NAD+
