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Microbiology > ch.5 > Flashcards

ch.5 Flashcards

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Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolism

A

all of the body’s chemical reactions

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2
Q

What are the 8 signature statements?

A

-every cell requires nutrient
-requires energy from light or catabolism of nutrients
-energy is stored in ATP
-cells catabolize nutrients to form precursor metabolites
-precursor metabolites, energy from ATP, and enzymes are used in anabolic reactions
-enzymes and ATP form macromolecules
-cells grow by assembling macromolecules
-cells reproduce once they have 2x in size

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3
Q

catabolism

A

break larger molecules into smaller products, exergonic (release energy)

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4
Q

anabolism

A

synthesize large molecules, endergonic requires more energy than the release

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5
Q

oxidation and reduction reactions

A

transfer of electrons from an electron donor to an electron acceptor, occur simultaneously

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6
Q

What are three majore electron carriers?

A

NAD+, NADP+, FAD

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7
Q

phosphorylation

A

inorganic phosphate is added to substrate

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8
Q

What are the different types of phosphorylation?

A

substrate level, oxidative, photophosphorylation

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9
Q

enzymes

A

organic catalysts, increase the likelihood of a reaction
-some are activated when a cofactor binds to a site other than the active site

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10
Q

hydrolase

A

catalyzes hydrolysis

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11
Q

What is an example of hydrolase?

A

lipase

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12
Q

isomerase

A

rearrangement of atoms w/in a molecule

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13
Q

ligase/polymerase

A

joining 2 or more chemicals together (anabolic)

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14
Q

lyase

A

splitting a chemical into smaller parts w/o using water

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15
Q

oxidoreductase

A

transfer of electrons or hydrogen atoms from 1 molecule to another

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16
Q

trasnferase

A

moving a functional group from one molecule to another

17
Q

apoenzymes

A

inactive if not bound to non protein cofactors

18
Q

holienzymes

A

binding of apoenzyme

19
Q

inhibitors

A

block an enzyme activity

20
Q

feedback inhibition

A

controls the action of some enzymes

21
Q

competitive inhibition

A

a molecule other than the substrate binding to the enzyme’s active site

22
Q

noncompetitive

A

inhibitor binds to an allosteric site

23
Q

allosteric site

A

site that is different from the active site

24
Q

Carb catabolism

A

can be oxidized as the primary energy source for anabolic reactions

25
Q

How can glucose be catabolized?

A

cellular respiration and fermentation

26
Q

glycolysis

A

splits a six carbon source glucose into 2, three carbon sugars

27
Q

substrate level phosphorylation

A

the direct transfer of phosphate between 2 substrates

28
Q

What is the net gain of glycolysis?

A

2 ATP, 2 NADH, and pyruvic acid

29
Q

cellular respiration

A

pyruvic acid is oxidized to produce ATP

30
Q

What are the three stages of cellular resp.?

A

synthesis of acetyl CoA, Kreb Cycle, and redox reactions

31
Q

What are the products of the synthesis of Acetyl CoA?

A

2 Acetly CoA
2 Co2
2 NADH

32
Q

Krebs CYcle

A

the energy remaining in acetyl coa is transferred to NAD
+ and FAD
-occurs in cytosol in prokaryotes and mitochondria in eukaryotes

33
Q

What are the products of Krebs cycle?

A

2 ATP, 2 FADH2, 6 NADH, 4 CO2

34
Q

ETX

A

most significant production of ATP
series of carrier molecules passing electrons one to another to final acceptor

35
Q

What are the 4 carrier molecules?

A

flavoproteins, ubiquinones, metal-containing proteins, and cytochromes

36
Q

chemiosmosis

A

use gradients to form ATP
use the energy released in redox reactions of ETC to make proton gradient

37
Q

oxidative phosphorylation

A

proton gradients is created by the oxidation of ETC components

38
Q

fermentation

A

some cells can’t oxidize glucose by cellular resp. and need a constant source of NAD+

Microbiology (15 decks)

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