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BIOL 110 > Chapter 6 - Integumentary System > Flashcards

Chapter 6 - Integumentary System Flashcards

1
Q

the Integumentary System is composed of what 4 main parts?

A
  • Skin and accessory organs including blood vessels, muscles and nerves
  • Hair
  • Nails
  • Glands
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2
Q

What are the main functions of the integumentary system? (6)

A
  • protection against UV rays, environment, bacteria, and water loss
  • absorption
  • regulation
  • Vitamin D synthesis
  • Sensory
  • Emotional Expression
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3
Q

name and briefly explain the 3 main layers of the skin.

A

1) epidermis -> outside layer of epithelial tissue
2) dermis -> composed of CT. functions in them regulation and insulation
3) Subcutaneous -> highly vascularized

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4
Q

what is the epidermis composed of?

A
  • keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
  • keratinocytes -> produce keratin (fibrous protein) that provides protection
  • melanocytes -> produce melonin (pigment) which protects against UV
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5
Q

what is a Nevi?

A

overgrowth of melanocytes that produces a birthmark or mole

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6
Q

Cancer of Melanocytes is known as what?

A

Malignant Melanoma

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7
Q

What are tactile or Merkel cells and where are they found?

A

touch receptor cells that receive signals and send to nerve.

located in the stratum basal

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8
Q

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial

A

1) stratum basale
2) stratum spinosum
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum lucidum
5) stratum corneum

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9
Q

explain the processes that occur in the stratum basale

A

-continuous cell division that produces all other layers of epidermal tissue

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10
Q

what is the structure of the stratum spinosum

A

8-10 layers of keratinocytes (can still divide)

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11
Q

what are the characteristics of the stratum granulosum

A

layer of cells which can no longer divide, filled with keratin.

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12
Q

what is the significants of the stratum lucid. what is its function

A

only present in thick skin (fingertips, palms, soles of feet)
functions in increased protection

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13
Q

which layer of the epidermal is the most superficial? What are the characteristics of this layer?

A

Stratum Corneum
composed of ~20 layers of cell remnants.
dead cells have no nucleus and are filled with keratin
cells are continuously shed and replaced by cells from deeper strata

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14
Q

The Dermis lies ________ to the Epidermis, and ________ to the Sub Q.

A

deep; superficial

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15
Q

What are the 2 main regions of the dermis

A

papillary region and reticular region

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16
Q

The epidermis is vascular. True or False

A

False. Epidermal tissue is Avascular and receives all nutrients from underlying tissues.

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17
Q

List the Characteristics of the Papillary Region of the Dermis

A
  • areolar CT that contains capillaries, tactile receptors, free nerve endings
  • provides nutrients to the epidermis
18
Q

What dermal layer provides nutrients to the epidermis?

A

papillary region

19
Q

what are the characteristics of the reticular region of the dermis?

A
  • dense irregular CT containing adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves and glands.
  • cells are replaced but not shed in this layer
20
Q

Hair follicles, nerves and glands are located in which layer of the skin?

A

reticular region of the Dermis

21
Q

name and describe the types of nerves found in the Dermis

A

sensory nerve fibers - detect pressure, vibration, and cold

motor nerve fibers - control blood vessels (body temp regulation) and gland secretion

22
Q

what are the characteristics of the Subcutaneous layer

A

attaches the skin to underlying tissues an organs, energy reserve, thermal regulation
vascular network

23
Q

Hair is also known as

A

Pili

24
Q

Characteristics of the hair include

A 
structure - dead, keratinized, epidermal cells
function - UV protection, heat regulation, sensation, protection against foreign particles (eye lashes)
25
Q

The 3 main components of the hair are..

A

1) shaft - above the skin surface
2) root - deep to the skin
3) bulb - epithelial cells where the hair originates

26
Q

how are hair and nails similar?

A

both composed of dead, keratinized, epidermal cells

27
Q

characteristics of the nail

A 
structure -hard dead, keratinized, epidermal cells 
location - on the dorsal surfaces if the fingers and toes
function - protects distal tips of digits, assists with grasping
28
Q

what are the 3 types of glands located in the Dermis

A

1) sebaceous
2) merocrine
3) apocrine

29
Q

sebaceous glands secrete …

A

oily substances (sebum) which prevents dehydration of hair and skin

30
Q

what type of dermal gland is connected to the hair follicles? how are these stimulated?

A

sebaceous

stimulated by a hormone called androgens

31
Q

A watery odourless solution is secreted from which dermal gland? what is the purpose?

A

Merocrin sweat glands.
thermal regulation (cools) and eliminates small amounts of waste
(sweating due to exercise)

32
Q

This type of gland is located in the axilla, groin, and areolae.

A

Apocrine sweat gland

33
Q

when are Apocrine sweat glands activated?

A

sexual activities
emotional sweating
Smells bad - lipid rich

34
Q

Define Regeneration

A

replacement of damaged cells with cells of the same type

35
Q

Define fibrosis

A

replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue (fibrosis CT)

36
Q

What are the 4 stages of wound healing?

A

1) Blood vessels bleed into wound
2) clot forms
3) damaged blood vessels regrow, wound becomes granulation tissue
4) epithelium regeneration - CT is replaced by fibrosis

37
Q

What is a granulation tissue?

A

during the stages of wound healing, blood vessels regrow and the wound becomes granulation tissue which is highly vascularized CT

38
Q

what are the characteristics of a First Degree Burn?

A

involves only the epidermis

-characterized by mild pain and redness (no blisters)

39
Q

How does a second degree burn differ from a first degree burn?

A

a second degree burn destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis.
some functions are lost
characterized by redness, blisters, edema, and pain

a first degree burn involves only the epidermis and no functions are lost

40
Q

A burn that destroys the epidermis, dermis, and sub Q layers of the skin is known as? what is the result of this type of burn?

A

third degree burn

results in loss of skin function, region is numb

41
Q

Vit D metaboilization

A

xxx

42
Q

What is the effect of aging on the integumentary system?

A
  • fibroblasts reduce in number and produce less collagen fibres resulting in wrinkles
  • sebatious glands slow down causing dehydration and cracking
  • sweat production increases
  • melanocytes decrease in production (pigment loss = grey hair)
  • Adipose tissue layer in sub Q increases but skin thickness decreases
  • nails become brittle
  • cell migration slows down delaying cell repair
  • increased likelihood of acquiring pathological diseases (pressure ulcers)

BIOL 110 (17 decks)

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