Chapter 6 - Integumentary System

Question 1

the Integumentary System is composed of what 4 main parts?

Answer 1

• Skin and accessory organs including blood vessels, muscles and nerves
• Hair
• Nails
• Glands

Question 2

What are the main functions of the integumentary system? (6)

Answer 2

• protection against UV rays, environment, bacteria, and water loss
• absorption
• regulation
• Vitamin D synthesis
• Sensory
• Emotional Expression

Question 3

name and briefly explain the 3 main layers of the skin.

Answer 3

1) epidermis -> outside layer of epithelial tissue
2) dermis -> composed of CT. functions in them regulation and insulation
3) Subcutaneous -> highly vascularized

Question 4

what is the epidermis composed of?

Answer 4

• keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
• keratinocytes -> produce keratin (fibrous protein) that provides protection
• melanocytes -> produce melonin (pigment) which protects against UV

Question 5

what is a Nevi?

Answer 5

overgrowth of melanocytes that produces a birthmark or mole

Question 6

Cancer of Melanocytes is known as what?

Answer 6

Malignant Melanoma

Question 7

What are tactile or Merkel cells and where are they found?

Answer 7

touch receptor cells that receive signals and send to nerve.

located in the stratum basal

Question 8

Name the 5 layers of the epidermis from deep to superficial

Answer 8

1) stratum basale
2) stratum spinosum
3) stratum granulosum
4) stratum lucidum
5) stratum corneum

Question 9

explain the processes that occur in the stratum basale

Answer 9

-continuous cell division that produces all other layers of epidermal tissue

Question 10

what is the structure of the stratum spinosum

Answer 10

8-10 layers of keratinocytes (can still divide)

Question 11

what are the characteristics of the stratum granulosum

Answer 11

layer of cells which can no longer divide, filled with keratin.

Question 12

what is the significants of the stratum lucid. what is its function

Answer 12

only present in thick skin (fingertips, palms, soles of feet)
functions in increased protection

Question 13

which layer of the epidermal is the most superficial? What are the characteristics of this layer?

Answer 13

Stratum Corneum
composed of ~20 layers of cell remnants.
dead cells have no nucleus and are filled with keratin
cells are continuously shed and replaced by cells from deeper strata

Question 14

The Dermis lies ________ to the Epidermis, and ________ to the Sub Q.

Answer 14

deep; superficial

Question 15

What are the 2 main regions of the dermis

Answer 15

papillary region and reticular region

Question 16

The epidermis is vascular. True or False

Answer 16

False. Epidermal tissue is Avascular and receives all nutrients from underlying tissues.

Question 17

List the Characteristics of the Papillary Region of the Dermis

Answer 17

• areolar CT that contains capillaries, tactile receptors, free nerve endings
• provides nutrients to the epidermis

Question 18

What dermal layer provides nutrients to the epidermis?

Answer 18

papillary region

Question 19

what are the characteristics of the reticular region of the dermis?

Answer 19

• dense irregular CT containing adipose cells, hair follicles, nerves and glands.
• cells are replaced but not shed in this layer

Question 20

Hair follicles, nerves and glands are located in which layer of the skin?

Answer 20

reticular region of the Dermis

Question 21

name and describe the types of nerves found in the Dermis

Answer 21

sensory nerve fibers - detect pressure, vibration, and cold

motor nerve fibers - control blood vessels (body temp regulation) and gland secretion

Question 22

what are the characteristics of the Subcutaneous layer

Answer 22

attaches the skin to underlying tissues an organs, energy reserve, thermal regulation
vascular network

Question 23

Hair is also known as

Answer 23

Pili

Question 24

Characteristics of the hair include

Answer 24

structure - dead, keratinized, epidermal cells
function - UV protection, heat regulation, sensation, protection against foreign particles (eye lashes)

Question 25

The 3 main components of the hair are..

Answer 25

1) shaft - above the skin surface 2) root - deep to the skin 3) bulb - epithelial cells where the hair originates

Question 26

how are hair and nails similar?

Answer 26

both composed of dead, keratinized, epidermal cells

Question 27

characteristics of the nail

Answer 27

``` structure -hard dead, keratinized, epidermal cells location - on the dorsal surfaces if the fingers and toes function - protects distal tips of digits, assists with grasping ```

Question 28

what are the 3 types of glands located in the Dermis

Answer 28

1) sebaceous 2) merocrine 3) apocrine

Question 29

sebaceous glands secrete ...

Answer 29

oily substances (sebum) which prevents dehydration of hair and skin

Question 30

what type of dermal gland is connected to the hair follicles? how are these stimulated?

Answer 30

sebaceous | stimulated by a hormone called androgens

Question 31

A watery odourless solution is secreted from which dermal gland? what is the purpose?

Answer 31

Merocrin sweat glands. thermal regulation (cools) and eliminates small amounts of waste (sweating due to exercise)

Question 32

This type of gland is located in the axilla, groin, and areolae.

Answer 32

Apocrine sweat gland

Question 33

when are Apocrine sweat glands activated?

Answer 33

sexual activities emotional sweating Smells bad - lipid rich

Question 34

Define Regeneration

Answer 34

replacement of damaged cells with cells of the same type

Question 35

Define fibrosis

Answer 35

replacement of damaged cells with scar tissue (fibrosis CT)

Question 36

What are the 4 stages of wound healing?

Answer 36

1) Blood vessels bleed into wound 2) clot forms 3) damaged blood vessels regrow, wound becomes granulation tissue 4) epithelium regeneration - CT is replaced by fibrosis

Question 37

What is a granulation tissue?

Answer 37

during the stages of wound healing, blood vessels regrow and the wound becomes granulation tissue which is highly vascularized CT

Question 38

what are the characteristics of a First Degree Burn?

Answer 38

involves only the epidermis | -characterized by mild pain and redness (no blisters)

Question 39

How does a second degree burn differ from a first degree burn?

Answer 39

a second degree burn destroys the epidermis and part of the dermis. some functions are lost characterized by redness, blisters, edema, and pain a first degree burn involves only the epidermis and no functions are lost

Question 40

A burn that destroys the epidermis, dermis, and sub Q layers of the skin is known as? what is the result of this type of burn?

Answer 40

third degree burn | results in loss of skin function, region is numb

Question 41

Vit D metaboilization

Answer 41

xxx

Question 42

What is the effect of aging on the integumentary system?

Answer 42

- fibroblasts reduce in number and produce less collagen fibres resulting in wrinkles - sebatious glands slow down causing dehydration and cracking - sweat production increases - melanocytes decrease in production (pigment loss = grey hair) - Adipose tissue layer in sub Q increases but skin thickness decreases - nails become brittle - cell migration slows down delaying cell repair - increased likelihood of acquiring pathological diseases (pressure ulcers)