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BIOL 110 > Chapter 16 - Nervous System: Senses > Flashcards

Chapter 16 - Nervous System: Senses Flashcards

1
Q

what is each unique type of sensation called?

A

sensory modality

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2
Q

what are the general senses?

A 
Somatic senses 
-Tactile - touch, pressure, vibration, itch, tickle
-thermal sensations - warm / cold
-Pain
-proprioception  
Visceral senses 
-Info about internal organs
**scattered throughout body
**simple structures
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3
Q

what are the special senses?

A 
Smell
taste
vision 
hearing 
equilibrium and balance
**concentrated in specific locations in the head
**anatomically distinct structures
**form complex pathways
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4
Q

where does sensation begin?

A
  • sensory receptor = specialized cell OR dendrites of a neuron
  • *Receptors are selective – only respond to one type of stimulus
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5
Q

Exteroceptors

A

near external surfaces of body respond to eternal stimuli

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6
Q

Interoceptors (visceroceptors)

A 
internal environment
(In blood vessels, organs, muscles)
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7
Q

proprioceptors

A

tells you position of limbs and body in space

Muscles, tendons, joints, inner ear

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8
Q

what are the 3 sensory receptors named by location?

A

Exteroceptors
Interoceptors (visceroceptors)
proprioceptors

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9
Q

what are the 6 sensory receptors named by action?

A

1) Mechanoreceptors – responds to deformation
2) Thermoreceptors- respond to temperature
3) Nociceptors – respond to pain
4) Photoreceptors – respond to light
5) Chemoreceptors - respond to chemicals (tastes, smells)
6) Baroreceptors - respond to pressure

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10
Q

what is unique about tactile receptors?

A

thermo, mechano- or nociceceptors located in the skin

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11
Q

describe nociceptors

A
  • chemoreceptive, free-nerve endings
  • Activated by tissue damage from intense thermal, mechanical or chemical stimuli
  • Little adaptation – pain tends to linger
  • In every tissue in the body except the brain
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12
Q

fast pain

A

(acute, well localized) occurs rapidly – myelinated axons

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13
Q

slow pain

A
  • gradually increases in intensity

- Burning, aching, throbbing

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14
Q

superficial somatic pain

A

Receptors in skin

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15
Q

deep somatic pain

A

Muscles, joints, tendons, fascia

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16
Q

Visceral pain

A

-Nociceptors in visceral organs
-Pain is felt in or just deep to the skin that overlies the organ
OR pain felt far from affected organ = referred pain

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17
Q

referred pain

A

pain felt far from affected organ

Ex) heart attack – chest pains and pain felt far from area (arm)

18
Q

sensory pathway: first-order / primary somatosensory neurons

A

Into brain stem or spinal cord

19
Q

sensory pathway: Second-order / secondary neurons

A

to thalamus

20
Q

sensory pathway: Third-order neurons

A

From thalamus to cortex

21
Q

describe the distribution of somatic sensory neutrons in the body

A

not distributed evenly in the body

22
Q

where does motor activity begin?

A

in the primary motor areas of the primary motor cortex and other cerebral integrative centers

23
Q

Upper motor neuron (UMN)

A 
-Motor neuron not responsible
for stimulating muscle
contraction
-Connects brain to the upper 
level in spinal cord
24
Q

lower motor neurons (LMNs)

A

descend to innervate skeletal muscle

25
Q

what are the 3 external stimulus’s

A
  • light rays - strike the retina of eye
  • sound waves - tympanic membrane of ear
  • molecules in the air and food smells and tastes detects by nose and tounge
26
Q

VISION: 3 steps for converting electromagnetic radiation into an image in the brain

A

1) Focus light on the retina
2) Convert photons of light into an action potential
- Use photoreceptors
3) Take APs and generate an image in the brain

27
Q

anatomy of the eye: Fibrous tunic and parts

A

Fibrous tunic- outter layer

  • Sclera -protects internal structures
  • Cornea- transparent, continuous with sclera
28
Q

anatomy of the eye:Vascular tunic

A

Vascular tunic -middle layer

  • Choroid highly vascularized – nourishes the retina
  • Ciliary body changes shape of lense
  • Iris smooth muscle, central opening (pupil)
29
Q

anatomy of the eye: Nervous tunic

A

Nervous Tunic – inner layer (contains many neurons)

  • Retina - light deflected here
  • Fovea - small central area of retina, Area of sharpest vision, contains Photoreceptor cells – rods and cons
  • Optic disc – where CNII exits the eye
30
Q

Vision - what does normal image formation depend on?

A
  • Refraction of light waves
  • Accommodation of the lens
  • Construction of pupil
  • Convergence of 2 eyes
31
Q

Vision: step A: how does the retina focus light?

A
  • Light entering the eye will be bent by cornea (refraction)
  • the lens must change shape to focus light on the retina
  • Correction are accomplished using a positive (convex) or a negative (concave) lens
32
Q

What are the two types of photoreceptors and where are they located?

A

1) Rods – in periphery of Retina
2) Cones – more abundant in central areas and fovea
- retina

33
Q

rod - shaped photoreceptors

A
  • Adapt to low light
  • High sensitivity – don’t need a lot of light to produce AP
  • Produce low resolution, black and white images
34
Q

cone- shaped photoreceptors

A

-Function in high-light
-Produce high resolution, color images
-3 varieties of cones:
(pick up different light waves)
-Red
-Green
-Blue

  • If your missing one of these – results in color blindness
  • high concentration in central fovea (digit in centre of retina)
35
Q

Vision: step B: Convert photons of light into an action potential

A
  • visual transduction
  • Light is focused on the retina
  • Must be converted by photopigments in photoreceptors into signals the brain can interpret
  • Photons AP
  • Rods have rhodopsin as the photopigment
  • Cones have 3 different photopigments
  • Photopigment = pigment that is sensitive to light
36
Q

3 main steps of visual transduction. (in light)

A
  • In light:
    1) Isomerization - absrption of a photon of light causes cis-retinal to straighten to trans-retinal
    2) Bleaching - trans-retinal separation from opsin
  • opsin has no color = bleaching
    3) Regeneration an enzyme converts trans-cis retinal, binds back on opsin
37
Q

rhodopsin bleaching causes what?

A
  • Process of bleaching causes Na+ channels to close

- Closes Na+ channels = hyperpolarization of plasma membrane

38
Q

process of visual transduction. (in dark)

A
  • In darkness, retinal has a bent shape called cis-retinal
  • Na+ channels are open
  • Photoreceptor cell is depolarized
  • Inhibitory neurotransmitter is released
  • Bipolar cell is inhibited
  • No signal is sent on to the ganglion cell or brain
39
Q

process of visual transduction. (in light)

A
  • Na+ channels close
  • Photoreceptor cell is hyperpolarized
  • Ca+ channels stay closed and inhibitory NT is NOT released
  • Bipolar cell depolarized
  • Excitatory NT to ganglion cell and brain
40
Q

VISION: Step C: Take APs and generate an image in the brain

A
  • graded potentials generated by the photoreceptors undergo considerable processing at synapses
  • The axons of retinal ganglion cells provide output that travels back “towards the light”, exiting the eyeball through optic nerve
41
Q

describe the process of processing of visual

A

b

BIOL 110 (17 decks)

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