Chapter 13 - Brain and Cranial Nerves Flashcards
what are the brain’s protective coverings?
1) Cranial Meninges
-continuous with spinal meninges
2)dura mater
-tough outer layer
3) arachnoid mater
(spidery)
4)pia mater
(thin)
where is cerebral spinal fluid located?
circulates through the internal cavities in the brain (subarachnoid spaces) and central canal of spinal cord
what are the 3 functions of cerebral spinal fluid?
1) Mechanical protection: shock absorber
2) Homeostatic function: maintain pH
3) Circulation: transport of nutrients & wastes
Hydocephalus
disorder that is characterized by a build up of pressure from the failure of CSF to form and drain normally.
-occurs with congenital abnormalities, head injury, meningitis, and episodes of bleeding into the brain.
what forms the blood brain barrier (BBB)?
The vascular endothelium around brain capillaries forms tight junctions with the nearby astrocytes - making the BBB
what is the function of the blood brain barrier?
-serves to isolate the brain from many substances in the blood including bacteria.
what are some downfalls to the blood brain barrier?
- Molecules (such as glucose) must be actively transported across the barrier
- If a brain infection were to develop, antibiotics have difficulty crossing into the brain
name the 4 main components of the brain?
- brain stem
- cerebellum
- diencephalon
- cerebrum
what are the components of the brain stem
- Medulla oblongata
- Pons
- Midbrain
what are the components of the diencephalon
- thalamus
- hypothalamus
what are the components of the cerebrum?
Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Occipital lobe
frontal lobe
what is the role of the medulla oblongata?
1) cardiovascular center
- controles heart rate and diameter of vessels
2) respiratory rhythmicity centre
- control the rate and rhythm of breathing
3) vomiting, coughing, and sneezing centres
what is the role of the Pons
- controls breathing
- relay center for motor control
what is the role of the midbrain?
- visual reflexes
- auditory pathway
what is the role of the cerebellum?
compares intended movements with what is happening with skeletal muscles, regulates posture, equilibrium, and balance
damage to the cerebellum is known as…
ataxia
the thalamus is responsible for…
relay station for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex
what is the role of the hypothalamus?
1) Controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
2) coordinates between the nervous system and the endocrine system (induces hormones)
3) Controls body temp, regulates hunger/thirst, assists with the internal circadian clock.
what is the limbic system and what does it do?
- emotional brain
- role in pain, pleasure, docility, affection, anger, and memory
what is the cerebral cortex?
The “seat of our intelligence”
- Sensory areas
- Motor areas
- Association areas: memory, personality, intelligence
what is the Hemispheric Lateralization?
Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex specializes in performing certain unique functions
Left= reasoning, numerical, scientific
Right= music, artistic, awareness, language
define and explain Neural plasticity.
capacity of the nervous system to be remodelled
-Connections at the synapses can be strengthened or weakened over time depending on use
Cranial Nerve I
name, type. function
- Olfactory
- sensory
- Smell
Cranial Nerve II
name, type. function
-Optic
-sensory
Vision
