Chapter 13 - Brain and Cranial Nerves

Question 1

what are the brain’s protective coverings?

Answer 1

1) Cranial Meninges
-continuous with spinal meninges
2)dura mater
-tough outer layer
3) arachnoid mater
(spidery)
4)pia mater
(thin)

Question 2

where is cerebral spinal fluid located?

Answer 2

circulates through the internal cavities in the brain (subarachnoid spaces) and central canal of spinal cord

Question 3

what are the 3 functions of cerebral spinal fluid?

Answer 3

1) Mechanical protection: shock absorber
2) Homeostatic function: maintain pH
3) Circulation: transport of nutrients & wastes

Question 4

Hydocephalus

Answer 4

disorder that is characterized by a build up of pressure from the failure of CSF to form and drain normally.
-occurs with congenital abnormalities, head injury, meningitis, and episodes of bleeding into the brain.

Question 5

what forms the blood brain barrier (BBB)?

Answer 5

The vascular endothelium around brain capillaries forms tight junctions with the nearby astrocytes - making the BBB

Question 6

what is the function of the blood brain barrier?

Answer 6

-serves to isolate the brain from many substances in the blood including bacteria.

Question 7

what are some downfalls to the blood brain barrier?

Answer 7

• Molecules (such as glucose) must be actively transported across the barrier
• If a brain infection were to develop, antibiotics have difficulty crossing into the brain

Question 8

name the 4 main components of the brain?

Answer 8

• brain stem
• cerebellum
• diencephalon
• cerebrum

Question 9

what are the components of the brain stem

Answer 9

• Medulla oblongata
• Pons
• Midbrain

Question 10

what are the components of the diencephalon

Answer 10

• thalamus

- hypothalamus

Question 11

what are the components of the cerebrum?

Answer 11

Parietal lobes
Temporal lobes
Occipital lobe
frontal lobe

Question 12

what is the role of the medulla oblongata?

Answer 12

1) cardiovascular center
- controles heart rate and diameter of vessels
2) respiratory rhythmicity centre
- control the rate and rhythm of breathing
3) vomiting, coughing, and sneezing centres

Question 13

what is the role of the Pons

Answer 13

• controls breathing

- relay center for motor control

Question 14

what is the role of the midbrain?

Answer 14

• visual reflexes

- auditory pathway

Question 15

what is the role of the cerebellum?

Answer 15

compares intended movements with what is happening with skeletal muscles, regulates posture, equilibrium, and balance

Question 16

damage to the cerebellum is known as…

Answer 16

ataxia

Question 17

the thalamus is responsible for…

Answer 17

relay station for all sensory impulses to the cerebral cortex

Question 18

what is the role of the hypothalamus?

Answer 18

1) Controls and integrates the autonomic nervous system (ANS)
2) coordinates between the nervous system and the endocrine system (induces hormones)
3) Controls body temp, regulates hunger/thirst, assists with the internal circadian clock.

Question 19

what is the limbic system and what does it do?

Answer 19

• emotional brain

- role in pain, pleasure, docility, affection, anger, and memory

Question 20

what is the cerebral cortex?

Answer 20

The “seat of our intelligence”

• Sensory areas
• Motor areas
• Association areas: memory, personality, intelligence

Question 21

what is the Hemispheric Lateralization?

Answer 21

Each hemisphere of the cerebral cortex specializes in performing certain unique functions
Left= reasoning, numerical, scientific
Right= music, artistic, awareness, language

Question 22

define and explain Neural plasticity.

Answer 22

capacity of the nervous system to be remodelled

-Connections at the synapses can be strengthened or weakened over time depending on use

Question 23

Cranial Nerve I

name, type. function

Answer 23

• Olfactory
• sensory
• Smell

Question 24

Cranial Nerve II

name, type. function

Answer 24

-Optic
-sensory
Vision

Question 25

Cranial Nerve III

name, type. function

Answer 25

• Oculormotor
• motor
• Movement of eyeballs, constriction of pupils

Question 26

Cranial Nerve IV

name, type. function

Answer 26

• Trochlear
• motor
• movement of the eyeballs

Question 27

Cranial Nerve V

name, type. function

Answer 27

• Trigeminal
• motor and sensory
• Sensory nerve of the face, motor control of chewing

Question 28

Cranial Nerve VI

name, type. function

Answer 28

Abducens

• motor
• movement of eyeballs

Question 29

Cranial Nerve VII

name, type. function

Answer 29

Facial

• motor and sensory
• Sensory nerve of taste, motor nerve of facial expression

Question 30

Cranial Nerve VIII

name, type. function

Answer 30

Vestibulocochlear

• sensory
• hearing and equilibrium

Question 31

Cranial Nerve IX

name, type. function

Answer 31

Glossopharyngeal

• sensory and motor
• Sensory for taste, monitors bood pressure, motor for swallowing and saliva production

Question 32

Cranial Nerve X

name, type. function

Answer 32

Vagus

• sensory and motor
• Sensory from parasympathetic NS, motor for swallowing, vocalization

Question 33

Cranial Nerve XI

name, type. function

Answer 33

Accessory

• motor
• Movment of head and pectoral girdle

Question 34

Cranial Nerve XII

name, type. function

Answer 34

Hypoglossal

• motor
• Speech, manipulation of food