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BIOL 110 > Chapter 15 - autonomic nervous system > Flashcards

Chapter 15 - autonomic nervous system Flashcards

1
Q

what does the ANS respond to?

A

subconscious visceral sensations

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2
Q

what are the components of the ANS?

A

autonomic sensory neurons, integrating centers in the CNS, and autonomic motor neurons

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3
Q

how does the ANS operate?

A

unconsciously
-Hypothalamus and brain stem regulate ANS reflexes
Sensory receptors called interoceptors located in blood vessels, visceral organs, muscles, and nervous system- monitor conditions in the internal environment

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4
Q

describe somatic motor neurons

A
  • Myelinated neurons extends from CNS to muscle
  • Always excites muscle
  • Always release acetylcholine
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5
Q

what is a Ganglion

A

collection of cell bodies in PNS

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6
Q

describe autonomic motor neruons

A
  • Two motor neurons in series (pre- and post-ganglionic)
  • Is unmyelinated
  • Can excite or inhibit effector muscles
  • Can release either Ach or nonepinephrine
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7
Q

what is dual ANS innervation

A

body organs receive impulses from both sympathetic and parasympathetic neutrons
-The nerve impulses from one division will stimulate an organ, while impulses from other division will decrease activity

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8
Q

pre-ganglionic cell bodies of the sympathetic NS are located where?

A
  • motor neuron cell bodies of the sympathetic NS located in lateral horns of 12 thoracic segments and first 2 lumbar segments of the cord
  • (thoracolumbar division)
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9
Q

pre-ganglionic cell bodies of the motor neuron in parasympathetic NS are located where?

A

nuclei of 4 cranial nerves 3, 7, 9, 10 and in lateral gray horn of the sacral area of spinal cord (S2-S4)
-(craniosacral division)

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10
Q

vagus nerve (CN X)

A

-carries nearly 80% of the total parasympathetic flow to the organs of the thorax and upper abdomen

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11
Q

what does the sacral output innervate?

A

Lower abdominal and pelvic organs

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12
Q

what are the sympathetic ganglia (2)?

A

1) Sympathetic trunk ganglia- along either side of spinal cord
- Innervate organs above the diaphragm
2) Prevertebral ganglia
- Anterior to the spinal cord
- Innervate below the diaphragm

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13
Q

what are the parasympathetic ganglia called?

A

terminal ganglia

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14
Q

describe terminal ganglia

A
  • Located near the target organs

- Parasympathetic preganglionic neurons are long, post ganglionic neurons are short

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15
Q

where do post-ganglionic neurons of the sympathetic division terminante

A

in several different visceral organs

  • widespread response
  • Highly branched-many synapse with >20 post-synaptic neurons
  • Presynaptic neurons synapse with 4 or 5 post-synaptic neurons, which supply a single visceral effector
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16
Q

what are the 4 differences between sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

1) Location of pre-ganglionic cell bodies in the CNS
2) Location of ganglia
3) Number of pre-ganglionic branches
4) Length of pre- and post-ganglionic axons

17
Q

what are the 2 main and 2 subtypes neurotransmitters used in the ANS

A

acetylcholine and norepinephrine
Nicotinic
Muscarinic

18
Q

where is acetylcholine used in the nervous system? what is this called?

A
  • used in all of the synapses of sympathetic and parasympathetic ganglia
  • Synapses at which Ach is used= cholinergic
19
Q

where are nicotinic receptors found?

A

in ganglia

20
Q

where are muscarinic neurotransmitters found?

A

in synapses with the effector organs

21
Q

what does adrenergic refer to?

A

Synapses at which norepinephrine or epinephrine are used.

two types = alpha (1&2) and beta (1,2,&3)

22
Q

for alpha and beta neurotransmitters; explain the jobs for alpha 1 & 2 and beta 1-3

A

Alpha 1 and Beta 1 = excitation
Alpha 2 and Beta 2 = inhibition
Beta 3= brown adipose tissue

23
Q

describe the differences between pre-ganglionic axons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

sympathetic - short

parasympathetic - long

24
Q

describe the differences between ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

sympathetic- sympathetic trunk pre-vertebral

parasympathetic - terminal

25
Q

describe the differences between post-ganglia axons of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

sympathetic - long

parasympathetic - short

26
Q

describe the differences between NT at ganglia of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

sympathetic -
Ach- nicotinic

parasympathetic - Ach- nicotinic

27
Q

describe the differences between NT at effector of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions

A

sympathetic -
NE- adrenergic
(some Ach- muscarinic)
parasympathetic - Ach – muscarinic

28
Q

describe the difference between the effects of the sympathetic and parasympathetic divisions.

A

sympathetic - fight or flight

parasympathetic - rest or digest

29
Q

agonist receptor

A

a substance that binds to and activates a receptor
Ex) nicotine, muscarine
Mimic Ach

30
Q

antagonist receptor

A

substance that bind and block a receptor
Ex) atropine blocks muscarinic Ach receptors
Blocks parasympathetic response

31
Q

describe the specific effects of sympathetic stimulation.

A
  • Increase rate and strength of heart rate
  • Constricts blood vessels to non-essential organs
  • Dilate blood vessels to essential organs
  • Increase rate and depth of breathing
  • Hepatic (in liver) conversion of glycogen into glucose = energy source
  • Decrease in GI activity
32
Q

describe the specific effects of parasympathetic stimulation.

A 
SLUDD
Increase in:
-Salivation
-Lacrimation
-Urination
-Digestion
-Defecation
Decrease in: 
-rate and force of heart beat
-Airway size and breathing rate
-Pupil size
33
Q

how do Sympathetomimetics affect the ANS?

A

-Mimic NE (agonist) triggering sympathetic response

34
Q

how do Anticholinergics affect the ANS?

A
  • block Ach (antagonist) decreasing parasympathetic response

- Can be antimuscarinic or antinicotinic

35
Q

how do beta blockers affect the ANS?

A
  • block beta adrenergic receptors (NE)

- Decreases sympathetic response

36
Q

how do organophosphates affect the ANS?

A
  • pesticises (AChE inhibitor.)

- Enhanses parasympathetic response

37
Q

how does ecstasy affect the ANS?

A

increases release of serotonin, dopamine, and NE

BIOL 110 (17 decks)

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