Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

BIOL 110 > Chapter 14 - Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves > Flashcards

Chapter 14 - Spinal Cord and Spinal Nerves Flashcards

1
Q

What is the spinal cord?

A

-part of the central nervous system that extends from the brain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

What type of information does the spinal cord convey?

A
  • sensory input up the cord
  • motor input down the cord
  • reflex arcs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Where does the spinal cord begin and end?

A

Begins as a continuation of the medulla oblongata extending from the foramen magnum of the occipital bone to its termination as the conus medullaris between L1 - L2.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

what is the Cauda Equina of the spinal cord?

A

the roots of the lower spinal nerves (AKA horse tail)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

name and describe the 3 layers of meninges.

A

1) Dura Mater
- thick fibrous layer which forms a sac that encloses the cord
2) Arachnoid Mater
- located against dura mater
3) Pia Mater
- against spinal cord
- supplies cord with nutrients

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

what is located between the layers of meninges mater?

A

spaces.

1) epidural space
- outside dura mater
2) subdural space
- btw dura and arachnoid mater
3) subarachnoid space
- btw arachnoid and pia mater
- circulates cerebral spinal fluid

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

explain the process of lumbar puncture.

A
  • A needle inserted into the subarachnoid space for the purpose of withdrawing Cerebral Spinal Fluid
  • BTW L3 and L4
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

explain the process of Epidurals

A
  • An anesthetic is injected into the epidural space

- Numb sensory neurons unless put too much then can numb motor neurons

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

what is White matter of the brain and spinal cord?

A

-formed by groups of myelinated axons (make white)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

what is Grey matter of the brain and spinal cord?

A

formed by neuronal cell bodied and dendrites.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

what structure do somatic motor cell bodies form?

A

Anterior (ventral) gray horns

-inside spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

describe the structure white matter within the spinal cord.

A

divided into anterior, posterior, and lateral columns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

what is a bundle of neuronal axons called? and where is this located?

A

Tract (spinal pathway)

-located in a specific area of the cord, and are all traveling to the same place

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Describe the posterior spinal pathway.

A
  • afferent tract
  • Convey nerve impulses for discriminative touch, light pressure, vibration and conscious proprioception (awareness of your body in space) –> to cerebral cortex
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

describe the anterolateral pathway

A
  • composed of afferent spinothalamic tracts
  • Detect crude touch and pressure, pain, temp, itch, tickle
  • go from spine to thalamus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

describe the spinocerebellar tracts

A

carry signals from proprioception to the cerebellum.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Where do Motor Spinal Cord pathways convey information ?

A

convey nerve impulses from the brain stem
-Lateral and anterior cortico-spinal (from cerebellum to spine)
-Voluntary movement of skeletal muscles
Other: coordinate visual stimuli with body movements, maintain posture

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

what do spinal nerves do?

A

connect the CNS to muscles, glands, and receptors.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

describe spinal nerves.

A
  • Axons are surrounded by endoneurium, then bundled into fascicles and surrounded by perineurium.
  • Multiple fascicles are bundled into nerves and surrounded by epineurium
20
Q

Explain the arrangement of spinal nerves.

A

31 left-right pairs of spinal nerves emerge from the cord at regular intervals (called segments).

  • leave from the intervertebral foramen between adjoining vertebrae
  • Cervical – 8 pairs, C1-C8
  • Thoracic – 12 pairs, T1-T12
  • Lumbar – 5 pairs, L1-L5
  • Sacral - 5 pairs, S1-S5
  • Coccygeal – 1 nerve pair
21
Q

How are spinal nerves connected to the spinal cord?

A

Two bundles of axons, called roots, connect each spinal nerve to the cord by rootlets.

  • posterior root - sensory axon
  • anterior root - motor axons
22
Q

what is a dermatome?

A

A dermatome is an area of skin that is innervated by a single spinal nerve, indicated by the letters and number of a particular segmental nerve.

23
Q

What part of the body is innervated by the dermatomes C6/C7?

A

thumb and index finger (“six Shooter”)

24
Q

What part of the body is innervated by the dermatome T4

A

nipple line

25
Q

What part of the body is innervated by the dermatome T10

A

umbilicus

26
Q

What part of the body is innervated by the dermatomes L1-L5

A

lower extremities

27
Q

what are peripheral nerves?

A

nerve pluses

  • a network of interweaving nerves
  • anterior rami of spinal nerves
28
Q

describe cervical pluxus.

A
  • Formed by anterior rami of C1-C5

- Serves head, neck, and diaphragm

29
Q

describe the phrenic nerve

A

-emerges from cervical pluxus
-Supplies diaphragm
“C345 keep the diaphragm alive”

30
Q

describe brachial pluxus

A

Anterior rami

C5-C8+T1

31
Q

what 5 major nerves emerge from the brachial pluxus

A

1) Musculocutaneous nerve
- Biceps brachii and brachioradialis
2) axillary nerve
- Serves deltoid and shoulder
3) radial nerve
- Tricepts brachii, proximal and middle phlanges
4) median nerve
- Flexors of the forearm, lateral aspect of palm and fingers
5) ulnar nerve
- Medial side of hand
- Little finger

32
Q

describe lumbar pluxus

A
  • L1-L4

- Supplies absominal wall, external genitalia, part of the lower limbs

33
Q

what 2 nerves emerge from the lumbar pluxus?

A

Femoral nerve
– hip joints, extensor of knee, medial side of leg and foot
Obturator nerve
– adductor of hip and medial thigh

34
Q

describe the sacral pluxus

A

L4-L5 + S1-S4

  • Supplies buttocks, perineum, part of the lower limbs
  • gives rise to sciatic nerve
  • Skin of leg, muscles of back of thigh, leg and foot
35
Q

what is a reflex?

A

fast involuntary response to a stimulus

36
Q

what is a reflex arc?

A

pathway that a nerve impulse follows to produce a reflex.

37
Q

what is a reflex arc composed of?

A 
sensory receptor
sensory neuron
an integrating center inside the cord
an exiting motor neuron
an effector
38
Q

describe the stretch reflex

A

causes contraction of a skeletal muscle in response to over stretching
monosynaptic reflex arc
*look at diagram

39
Q

what is the tendon reflex?

A

controls muscle tension
-causes muscles to relax before tendons are torn
(polysynaptic)

40
Q

crossed-extensor reflex

A

help maintain balance

41
Q

flexor reflex

A

withdraw limb

42
Q

what is the consequence of a completely severed spinal cord?

A

no motor or sensory function

43
Q

what is the consequence of an incomplete injury of the spinal cord?

A

preservation of motor OR sensory function

44
Q

what functions are lost in anterior cord syndrome?

A

motor, pain, temp, sensations are lost

touch, proprioception, and vibration are okay

45
Q

Explain spinal reflexes

A

in a spinal reflex integration takes place in the spinal cord, not the brain.
-either monosynaptic or polysynaptic

46
Q

withdrawal reflex

A

causes you to withdraw limb (often due to pain)

47
Q

cross extensor reflex

A

maintain balance

BIOL 110 (17 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions