Chapter 1

Question 1

What are the 6 essential life processes?

Answer 1

1) organization
2) metabolism
3) growth and development
4) responsiveness
5) regulation
6) reproduction

Question 2

Define the life process of organization.

Answer 2

some form of complex structure and order

Question 3

Define the life process of metabolism.

Answer 3

sum of all of the catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) chemical processes in the body. Ex) amino acids to proteins and proteins to amino acids

Question 4

Define the life process of growth and development.

Answer 4

increase in body size due to an increase in size of the cells or number of the cells.

Question 5

Define the life process of responsiveness.

Answer 5

the body’s ability to detect and respond to stimuli

Question 6

Define the life process of regulation.

Answer 6

adjusting internal conditions as the external environment changes

Question 7

define the life process of reproduction.

Answer 7

production of a new individual or new cells (growth, repair, replace)

Question 8

define anatomy

Answer 8

the study of the body - structure and form

Question 9

define physiology

Answer 9

the study of body function

Question 10

what are the 6 levels of organization from smallest to largest?

Answer 10

1)chemical- atomic and molecular 2)cellular 3)tissue 4)organ 5)system 6)organism

Question 11

what type of molecules are involved at the chemical level?

Answer 11

-atoms -inorganic and organic molecules

Question 12

what is a cell?

Answer 12

basic structural and functional units of an organism

Question 13

define tissue

Answer 13

group of cells that work together to perform a similar function

Question 14

what are the 4 basic types of tissues?

Answer 14

1) Epithelium -covers body’s surfaces
2) Connective tissue- connects, supports, protects
3) Muscles -used for movement, generate heat
4) Nerves- carry information

Question 15

define organs

Answer 15

structures composed of 2 or more kinds of tissues

Question 16

what is an organ system?

Answer 16

related organs with a common function. ex)digestive system: stomach, gallbladder, small and large intestines

Question 17

what is involved in the Integumentary system?

Answer 17

skin, hair, nails

Question 18

what is involved in the Skeletal system?

Answer 18

bones and joints

Question 19

what is involved in the Muscular system?

Answer 19

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles

Question 20

what is involved in the nervous system?

Answer 20

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs.

Question 21

what is involved in the endocrine system?

Answer 21

hormone producing cells and glands

Question 22

what is involved in the cardiac system?

Answer 22

heart, blood, and blood vessels

Question 23

what is involved in the lymphatic system?

Answer 23

lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes

Question 24

what is involved in the respiratory system?

Answer 24

airways, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

Question 25

what is involved in the digestive system?

Answer 25

esophagus, stomach, intestines

Question 26

what is involved in the urinary system?

Answer 26

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

Question 27

what is involved in the reproductive system?

Answer 27

ovaries, uterus and vagina in females, and the testes and penis in males.

Question 28

what is the anatomical position?

Answer 28

the subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level, the eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor directed forward, and the arms at their sides, palms forward

Question 29

define superior

Answer 29

above, top, towards the head

Question 30

define inferior

Answer 30

below, bottom, away from the head

Question 31

define anterior (ventral)

Answer 31

towards the front

Question 32

define posterior

Answer 32

towards the back

Question 33

define medial

Answer 33

towards the midline

Question 34

define lateral

Answer 34

away from the midline

Question 35

define intermediate

Answer 35

between medial and lateral

Question 36

define proximal

Answer 36

nearest the origin of a limb

Question 37

define distal

Answer 37

farther away from the origin of the limb

Question 38

when do you use the terms proximal and distal

Answer 38

when talking about limbs. -use superior and inferior when talking about everything else

Question 39

define superficial

Answer 39

towards the surface

Question 40

define deep

Answer 40

towards the core

Question 41

what are body planes?

Answer 41

imaginary flat surfaces that separate the body or body part into portions

Question 42

coronal plane (frontal)

Answer 42

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior

Question 43

transverse place (cross-sectional)

Answer 43

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)

Question 44

midsagittal plane

Answer 44

vertical plane that divides the body into EQUAL left and right halves

Question 45

sagittal plane (parasagittal)

Answer 45

divides the body into left and right halves at any number of sites

Question 46

oblique planes

Answer 46

divides the body at an angle

Question 47

define homeostasis

Answer 47

-A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment. -keep the body functions in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life

Question 48

what factors challenge homeostasis?

Answer 48

Physical insults Ex) intense heat, lack of oxygen Changes in the internal environment Ex) drop in blood glucose due to lack of food Physiological stress Ex) demands of work, school, etc.

Question 49

what is a negitive feedback system?

Answer 49

Reverses a change in a controlled condition

Question 50

what are the three components of a feedback system?

Answer 50

Receptor (detects change and sends signal) Control center (processes info sent, and make decisions) Effector (Carries out actions)

Question 51

what is a positive feedback system?

Answer 51

Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions ex) breast feeding - stimulus - hypothalamus - oxytocin - increased milk production

Question 52

Explain the scientific method.

Answer 52

- examine natural events through observation - form a hypothesis - test the hypothesis - make a decision on hypothesis (support data or reject?)

Question 53

what does microscopic anatomy involve and what are the 2 subcategories?

Answer 53

- structures that aren't visible without a microscope - cytology - study of the body cells and structure - histology - study of tissues

Question 54

what does Gross Anatomy involve?

Answer 54

structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye (intestines, kidney, stomach, brain)

Question 55

what are the 5 categories of gross anatomy?

Answer 55

- Systemic - anatomy of functional body system - Reginal - examines structures in a specific region (armpit) - Surface - focuses on superficial anatomic markings and the internal structures that relate to th skin covering them - comparative - similarities and differences among species - embryology - developmental changes occurring from conception to birth

Question 56

Pathologic anatomy

Answer 56

changes resulting from disease

Question 58

What is included in the appendicular region?

Answer 58

upper and lower limbs - attatch to the axial region

Question 59

Whats does the axial region include?

Answer 59

head, neck, trunk \*forms vertical axis of body