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BIOL 110 > Chapter 1 > Flashcards

Chapter 1 Flashcards

1
Q

What are the 6 essential life processes?

A

1) organization
2) metabolism
3) growth and development
4) responsiveness
5) regulation
6) reproduction

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2
Q

Define the life process of organization.

A

some form of complex structure and order

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3
Q

Define the life process of metabolism.

A

sum of all of the catabolic (breaking down) and anabolic (building up) chemical processes in the body. Ex) amino acids to proteins and proteins to amino acids

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4
Q

Define the life process of growth and development.

A

increase in body size due to an increase in size of the cells or number of the cells.

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5
Q

Define the life process of responsiveness.

A

the body’s ability to detect and respond to stimuli

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6
Q

Define the life process of regulation.

A

adjusting internal conditions as the external environment changes

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7
Q

define the life process of reproduction.

A

production of a new individual or new cells (growth, repair, replace)

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8
Q

define anatomy

A

the study of the body - structure and form

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9
Q

define physiology

A

the study of body function

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10
Q

what are the 6 levels of organization from smallest to largest?

A

1)chemical- atomic and molecular 2)cellular 3)tissue 4)organ 5)system 6)organism

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11
Q

what type of molecules are involved at the chemical level?

A

-atoms -inorganic and organic molecules

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12
Q

what is a cell?

A

basic structural and functional units of an organism

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13
Q

define tissue

A

group of cells that work together to perform a similar function

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14
Q

what are the 4 basic types of tissues?

A

1) Epithelium -covers body’s surfaces
2) Connective tissue- connects, supports, protects
3) Muscles -used for movement, generate heat
4) Nerves- carry information

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15
Q

define organs

A

structures composed of 2 or more kinds of tissues

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16
Q

what is an organ system?

A

related organs with a common function. ex)digestive system: stomach, gallbladder, small and large intestines

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17
Q

what is involved in the Integumentary system?

A

skin, hair, nails

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18
Q

what is involved in the Skeletal system?

A

bones and joints

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19
Q

what is involved in the Muscular system?

A

skeletal, smooth, and cardiac muscles

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20
Q

what is involved in the nervous system?

A

brain, spinal cord, nerves, sensory organs.

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21
Q

what is involved in the endocrine system?

A

hormone producing cells and glands

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22
Q

what is involved in the cardiac system?

A

heart, blood, and blood vessels

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23
Q

what is involved in the lymphatic system?

A

lymphatic fluid, lymph nodes, and lymphocytes

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24
Q

what is involved in the respiratory system?

A

airways, trachea, bronchi, and lungs

25
Q

what is involved in the digestive system?

A

esophagus, stomach, intestines

26
Q

what is involved in the urinary system?

A

kidneys, ureters, bladder, urethra

27
Q

what is involved in the reproductive system?

A

ovaries, uterus and vagina in females, and the testes and penis in males.

28
Q

what is the anatomical position?

A

the subject stands erect facing the observer with the head level, the eyes facing forward, feet flat on the floor directed forward, and the arms at their sides, palms forward

29
Q

define superior

A

above, top, towards the head

30
Q

define inferior

A

below, bottom, away from the head

31
Q

define anterior (ventral)

A

towards the front

32
Q

define posterior

A

towards the back

33
Q

define medial

A

towards the midline

34
Q

define lateral

A

away from the midline

35
Q

define intermediate

A

between medial and lateral

36
Q

define proximal

A

nearest the origin of a limb

37
Q

define distal

A

farther away from the origin of the limb

38
Q

when do you use the terms proximal and distal

A

when talking about limbs. -use superior and inferior when talking about everything else

39
Q

define superficial

A

towards the surface

40
Q

define deep

A

towards the core

41
Q

what are body planes?

A

imaginary flat surfaces that separate the body or body part into portions

42
Q

coronal plane (frontal)

A

vertical plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior

43
Q

transverse place (cross-sectional)

A

horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior (top and bottom)

44
Q

midsagittal plane

A

vertical plane that divides the body into EQUAL left and right halves

45
Q

sagittal plane (parasagittal)

A

divides the body into left and right halves at any number of sites

46
Q

oblique planes

A

divides the body at an angle

47
Q

define homeostasis

A

-A condition of equilibrium in the body’s internal environment. -keep the body functions in a narrow range that is compatible with maintaining life

48
Q

what factors challenge homeostasis?

A

Physical insults

Ex) intense heat, lack of oxygen

Changes in the internal environment

Ex) drop in blood glucose due to lack of food

Physiological stress

Ex) demands of work, school, etc.

49
Q

what is a negitive feedback system?

A

Reverses a change in a controlled condition

50
Q

what are the three components of a feedback system?

A

Receptor (detects change and sends signal)

Control center (processes info sent, and make decisions)

Effector (Carries out actions)

51
Q

what is a positive feedback system?

A

Strengthens or reinforces a change in one of the body’s controlled conditions

ex) breast feeding - stimulus - hypothalamus - oxytocin - increased milk production

52
Q

Explain the scientific method.

A
  • examine natural events through observation
  • form a hypothesis
  • test the hypothesis
  • make a decision on hypothesis (support data or reject?)
53
Q

what does microscopic anatomy involve and what are the 2 subcategories?

A
  • structures that aren’t visible without a microscope
  • cytology - study of the body cells and structure
  • histology - study of tissues
54
Q

what does Gross Anatomy involve?

A

structure and relationships of body parts that are visible to the unaided eye (intestines, kidney, stomach, brain)

55
Q

what are the 5 categories of gross anatomy?

A
  • Systemic - anatomy of functional body system
  • Reginal - examines structures in a specific region (armpit)
  • Surface - focuses on superficial anatomic markings and the internal structures that relate to th skin covering them
  • comparative - similarities and differences among species
  • embryology - developmental changes occurring from conception to birth
56
Q

Pathologic anatomy

A

changes resulting from disease

57
Q
A
58
Q

What is included in the appendicular region?

A

upper and lower limbs - attatch to the axial region

59
Q

Whats does the axial region include?

A

head, neck, trunk

*forms vertical axis of body

BIOL 110 (17 decks)

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