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Biology Olympiad > Chapter 6: A Tour of The Cell 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 6: A Tour of The Cell 2 Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Mitochondria

A

sites of cellular respiration. 1-10 um. mobile.

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2
Q

chloroplasts

A

sites of photosynthesis. 3-6 um. mobile.

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3
Q

endosymbiont theory

A

early ancestor of eukaryotic cells engulfed prokaryote.
- mitochondria and chloroplasts have a double membrane (possibly like ancestral prokaryote)
- both have DNA and ribosomes
- both are somewhat autonomous

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4
Q

cristae

A

infoldings of inner membrane of mitochondrion. increases surface area of inner mitochondrial membrane

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5
Q

mitochondrial matrix

A

second compartment of mitochondrion enclosed by inner membrane. its enzymes catalyze some steps for cellular respiration.

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6
Q

thylakoids

A

flattened, interconnected sacs within chloroplasts

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7
Q

grana

A

stacks of thylakoids

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8
Q

stroma

A

fluid outside thylakoids. contains DNA and ribosomes and membranes

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9
Q

Plastids

A

family of plant organelles (including chloroplasts).

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10
Q

amyloplast

A

colorless plastid that stores starch (amylose), particularly in roots and tubers

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11
Q

chromoplast

A

plastid that stores pigments (orange hue for fruits/flowers)

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12
Q

Peroxisome

A

single membrane organelle whose removes hydrogen from substrate and transfers it to O2 to form H2O2 (hydrogen peroxide). an enzyme can convert the h2o2 to h20. it can break down fatty acids (with oxygen) or detoxify alcohol/substances (remove hydrogen)

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13
Q

glyoxysome

A

specialized peroxisomes in plant seeds. converts fatty acids to sugar. (energy for seedling)

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14
Q

cytoskeleton

A

dynamic network of fibers extending throughout cytoplasm. supports shape and organizes structures + activities of cells.

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15
Q

Motor proteins

A

assists with cell motility.

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16
Q

microtubules

A

structure: hollow tubes; 13 columns of tubulin dimers
diameter: 25 nm with 15 nm lumen
subunits: a tubulin and b tubulin
functions: maintenance of cell shape (compression-resisting), cell motility (cilia/flagella), chromosome/organelle movements

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17
Q

microfilaments

A

structure: two intertwined strands of actin
diameter: 7 nm
subunits: actin
functions: maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing) changes in cell shape, muscle contraction, cytoplasmic streaming, cell motility (pseudopodia), cell division (cleavage furrow)

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18
Q

intermediate filaments

A

structure: fibrous proteins supercoiled into thicker cables
diameter: 8-12 nm
subunits: one of several different proteins (depends on cell type)
functions: maintenance of cell shape (tension-bearing), anchorage of nucleus and certain other organelles, formation of nuclear lamina

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19
Q

microtubule structure

A

two slightly different ends (because of orientation of tubulin dimers). one end accumulates/releases tubulin dimers faster (plus end).

20
Q

centrosome

A

microtubule-organizing center for animal cells. (compression resisting)

21
Q

centrioles

A

9 sets of triplet microtubules arranged in a ring. a pair for each centrosome.

22
Q

flagella

A

undulating motion. 10-200 um length, 0.25 um diameter. 1-2 per cell.

23
Q

cilia

A

back and forth motion. 2-20 um length. 0.25 um diameter. several motile cilia per cell, one primary cilia (9+0 pattern) per cell (recieves signals).

24
Q

cilia/flagella strucure

A

nine doublets of microtubules arranged in a ring. two single microtubules in the center. sheathed in plasma membrane extension.

25
Q

Basal body

A

anchors cilia/flagella. similar structure to centriole

26
Q

cross-linking proteins

A

connects outer doublet microtubules in flagella + motile cilia.

27
Q

dyneins

A

large moter proteins between the outer doublet microtubules. walks along the doublets (held in place by cross-linking proteins), making them curve/bend.

28
Q

actin

A

globular protein.

29
Q

cortex

A

outer cytoplasmic layer of cell. supported by microfilaments, and has semisolid gel consistency

30
Q

myosin

A

motor protein for actin.

31
Q

pseuodopodia

A

cellular extensions that undergo localized contractions due to actin/myosin

32
Q

cytoplasmic streaming

A

circular flow of cytoplasm within cells

33
Q

cell wall

A

extracellular plant cell structure. thicker than plasma membrane, made up of microfibrils of cellulose

34
Q

primary cell wall

A

first layer of cell wall. relatively thin and flexible.

35
Q

cell wall formation.

A

cellulose synthase makes cellulose microfibrils, oriented at right angles to direction of cell expansion. microtubules guides cellulose synthase as it deposits cellulose.

36
Q

middle lamella

A

between primary walls. thin layer with lots of pectin (sticky polysaccharide).

37
Q

secondary cell wall

A

several laminated layers, strong and durable matrix.

38
Q

ECM

A

present in animal cells. made mostly of glycoproteins

39
Q

collagen

A

most abundunt ECM glycoprotein. forms strong fibers outside the cells.

40
Q

proteoglycans

A

small core protein with several carbohydrate chains attached. network of ECM

41
Q

fibronectin

A

glycoprotein that attaches cells to ECM

42
Q

integrins

A

cell-surface receptor proteins that span the plasma membrane and bind on cytoplasmic side to associated microtubule proteins. attaches to fibronectin and other ECM proteins. transmits signals between ECM and cell.

43
Q

plasmodesmata

A

membrane lined channels filled with cytoplasm in cell walls. joins plant cells.

44
Q

tight junctions

A

animal cells. plasma membranes of cells pressed very tightly together and bound by specific proteins. prevents leakage of extracellular fluid across layer of epithelial cells

45
Q

desmosomes

A

animal cells. fastens cells together (ex: muscle cells). intermediate filaments of keratin anchor desmosomes in cytoplasm.

46
Q

gap junctions

A

animal cells. membrane protein surrounding a pore. provide cytoplasmic channels from one cell to an adjacent cell.

Biology Olympiad (18 decks)

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