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Biology Olympiad > Chapter 18: gene expression regulation > Flashcards

Chapter 18: gene expression regulation Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

metabolic control

A
  1. cells adjust activity of already-active enzymes
  2. cells adjust production levels enzymes
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2
Q

coordinately controlled

A

group of genes controlled by one “switch”

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3
Q

operator

A

segment of DNA within promoter controlling access of RNA polymerase to group of genes

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4
Q

operon

A

operator, promoter, genes they ctonrol

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5
Q

repressor

A

binds to operator and blocks attachment of RNA polymerase to promoter

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6
Q

regulatory gene

A

gene located away from operon with its own promoter. codes for repressor protein

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7
Q

corepressor

A

small molecule that works with repressor protein to turn off operon

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8
Q

Trp operon

A

has genes for tryptophan synthesis
tryptophan absent: repressor inactive, operon on
tryptophan present: repressar active, operon off

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9
Q

repressible operon

A

transcription usually on but can be repressed when specific molecule binds allosterically to regulatory protein (ex: tryptophan operon)

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10
Q

inducible operon

A

transcription usually off but can be stimulated when specific molecule interacts with regulatory protein (ex: lac operon)

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11
Q

β-galactosidase

A

enzyme catalyzing hydrolysis of lactose into glucose and galactose

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12
Q

lacI

A

regulatory gene that codes for allosteric repressor protein for lac operon

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13
Q

inducer

A

specific small molecule that inactivates repressor

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14
Q

allolactose

A

inducer of lac operon. isomer of lactose (indicates lactose is present)

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15
Q

lac operon

A

has genes for lactose metabolism
lactose absent: repressor active, operon off
lactose present: repressor inactive, operon on

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16
Q

lac operon genes

A

lac Z: β-galactosidase
lac Y: permease
lac A: transacetylase

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17
Q

negative regulation

A

operons switched off by active rterpressor protein

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18
Q

cyclic AMP

A

accumulates when glucose is scarce

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19
Q

CAP (catabolite activator protein)

A

regulatory protein activated by cAMP. attaches upstream to lac promoter, increasing affinity of RNA polymerase to promoter. stimulates gene expression (of lac operon)

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20
Q

positive gene regulation

A

regulatory protein interacts with genome to switch transcription on (ex: CAP and lac operon)

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21
Q

activator

A

protein that binds to DNA and stimulates transcription of a gene

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22
Q

differential gene expression

A

expression of different genes by cells with the same genome

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23
Q

histone acetylation

A

acetyl groups attached to lysines in histone tails. neutralizes positive charges and promotes looser chromatin. (makes transcription easier)

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24
Q

methylation of histone

A

addition of methyl to histone tails promotes condense chromatin

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25
Q

histone phosphorylation

A

addition of phosphate to amino acid next to methylated amino acid in histone tail promotes loose chromatin

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26
Q

histone code hypothesis

A

modifications to histone tails can affect chromatin structure and gene expression

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27
Q

DNA methylation

A

important for long term inactivation of genes

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28
Q

genomic imprinting

A

regulation of whether or not maternal or paternal allele of a gene is expressed through DNA methylation. Methylation patterns are usually passed on for each DNA replication

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29
Q

epigenetic inheritance

A

transmission of traits not directly involving nucleotide sequence

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30
Q

control elements

A

segments of noncoding DNA in eukaryotes that serve as binding sites for transcription factors

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31
Q

proximal control elements

A

located close to promoter

32
Q

distal control elements

A

located far from poromter

33
Q

enhancers

A

groups of distal control elements

34
Q

activation domains

A

structure in protein that bind other regulatory proteins or transcription stuff

35
Q

mediator proteins

A

interact with bound activators on control elements and proteins at promoter

36
Q

DNA bending protein

A

bends DNA to bring bound activators closer to promoter

37
Q

silencing

A

repressors recruit proteins that deacetylate histones, leading to reduced transcription

38
Q

coordinately controlled eukaryote genes

A

depends on specific combination of control elements with every gene in dispersed group

39
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

different mRNA produced from same transcript

40
Q

mRNA degradation

A

mRNA degraded within a few minutes for bacteria, sometimes up to weeks in multicellular organisms

41
Q

utr

A

untranslated regions at 5’ or 3’ end. regulatory proteins can bind to those regions and block ribosome attachment

42
Q

ubiquitin

A

marks proteins for destruction

43
Q

proteasomes

A

recognize ubiquitin-tagged proteins and degrades them

44
Q

ncRNA

A

non coding RNA. can regulate gene expression pathway

45
Q

miRNA

A

single-stranded ncRNA. forms a complex with other proteins and binds to mRNA molecule with complementary sequence. degrades target mRNA or blocks translation..

46
Q

miRNA synthesis

A
  1. long RNA precursor folds into hairpins
  2. Dicer enzyme cuts out double stranded hairpins
  3. one strand of hairpin degrades
    remaining strand is miRNA
47
Q

RNA interference

A

injecting double-stranded RNA turns off expression of genes with same sequence as RNA

48
Q

siRNA

A

blocks translation of mRNA with the same sequence as it. multiple siRNA formed from long, linear, double-stranded RNA molecule

49
Q

piRNA

A

ncRNA that induces formation of heterchromatin, blocking expression of transposons

50
Q

transposons

A

parasitic DNA

51
Q

differention

A

process by which cells become specialized in structure and function

52
Q

morphogenesis

A

physical processes that give an organism its shape

53
Q

cytoplasmic determinants

A

maternal substances in egg that influence development (unevenly distributed substances in unfertilized egg)

54
Q

induction

A

process of signals causing changes in target cells

55
Q

determination

A

events that lead to observable differentiation of a cell

56
Q

tissue-specific proteins

A

give cell its characteristic structure and function

57
Q

myoD

A

master regulatory gene encoding myoD protein, a transcription factor for many genes. turns cells into myoblasts (muscle cells)

58
Q

pattern formation

A

development of spatial organization of tissues and organs

59
Q

positional information

A

molecular cues controlling pattern formation

60
Q

homeotic gene

A

control pattern formation in late embryo, larva, and adult Drosophila

61
Q

emybronic lethals

A

mutations with phenotypes causing death at early stage

62
Q

maternal effect gene

A

if mutant in mother, always results in mutant offspring

63
Q

egg-polarity genes

A

maternal effect genes. control polarity of embryos

64
Q

bicoid

A

gene controlling body axes of drosophila. highly concentrated at anterior end.
2 mutant alleles: posterior at both ends

65
Q

morphogen gradient hypothesis

A

gradients of morphogenes establish an embryo’s axes and other form features

66
Q

oncogenes

A

cancer-causing genes

67
Q

proto-oncogenes

A

normal versions of oncogenes

68
Q

tumor-suppressor gene

A

makes proteins that help prevent uncontrolled cell growth

69
Q

proto-oncogene -> oncogene pathways

A
  1. translocation/transposition: gene moved to new locus under new controls
  2. gene amplification
  3. point mutation: within control element or gene
70
Q

ras gene

A

makes Ras protein, a G protein for a pathway (with protein kinase cascade) that synthesizes a protein that stimulates cell cycle

71
Q

p53 gene

A

tumor-suppressor gene that encodes transcription factor for cell-cycle inhibiting protein genes

72
Q

p21

A

gene whose product halts cell cycle by binding to Cdks.

73
Q

APC gene

A

tumor suppressor gene. often mutated in colon cancer patients

74
Q

BRCA1/BRCA2 gene

A

genes often mutated in breast cancer patients.

75
Q

p53 functions

A
  • activates p21
  • activates miRNAs that can inhibit cell cyle
  • turns on genes for DNA repair
  • activates suicide genes for irreparable DNA damage

Biology Olympiad (18 decks)

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