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Biology Olympiad > Chapter 17: gene->protein > Flashcards

Chapter 17: gene->protein Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

gene expression

A

process of DNA -> protein

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2
Q

Archibald Garrod

A

hypothesized that genes control phenotypes through enzymes that catalyze specific reactions
- ex: alkaptonuria (lacks enzyme so urine is black)

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3
Q

Beadle and Tatum

A

one-gene one-enzyme hypothesis
experiment: bombarded neurospora crassa (bread mold) with X rays to cause genetic changes and found mutants that could not survive on minimal medium.
- discovered mutants were defective in single genes that made them unable to synthesize specific nutrients

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4
Q

transcription

A

synthesis of RNA using DNA. occurs in nucleus

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5
Q

mRNA

A

RNA synthesized during transcription used to make proteins

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6
Q

translation

A

synthesis of polypeptide using mRNA. occurs in cytoplasm

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7
Q

ribosomes

A

sites of translation

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8
Q

primary transcript

A

initial unedited RNA transcript from a gene

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9
Q

triplet code

A

one amino acid determined by sequence of 3 RNA nucleotides

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10
Q

template strand

A

strand of DNA that is transcribed in transcription. same strand used as template for a given gene

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11
Q

codons

A

mRNA nucleotide triplets. written in 5-3 direction

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12
Q

reading frame

A

correct groupings of triplet code

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13
Q

RNA polymerase

A

untwists DNA apart and joins complementary RNA nucleotides

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14
Q

promoter

A

DNA sequence where RNA polymerase attaches and initiates transcription

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15
Q

terminator

A

sequence signaling end of transcription

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16
Q

transcription unit

A

stretch of DNA transcribed into RNA molecule

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17
Q

start point

A

nucleotide where RNA synthesis actually begins. located in promoter

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18
Q

RNA polymerase 2

A

used in mRNA synthesis

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19
Q

transcription factors

A

mediate binding of RNA polymerase and initiation of transcription

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20
Q

transcription initiation complex

A

complex of transcription factors and RNA polymerase 2 bound to the promoter

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21
Q

TATA box

A

important promoter DNA sequence in eukaryotes

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22
Q

polyadenylation signal

A

sequence (AAUAAA) signaling end of transcription in eukaryotes. 10-35 nucleotides down RNA transcript cut from DNA.

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23
Q

RNA processing

A

enzymes in eukaryotic nucleus modify pre-mRNA. both ends of transcript altered

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24
Q

5’ cap

A

modified guanine nucleotide added onto 5’ end on RNA transcript

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25
Q

poly A tail

A

chain of 50-250 adenine nucleotides added onto 3’ end of RNA transcript

26
Q

RNA splicing

A

stage in RNA processing when large portions of RNA molecule is removed

27
Q

introns

A

regions of noncoding mRNA in RNA transcript

28
Q

exons

A

regions of RNA transcript that are expressed

29
Q

snRNP

A

particles that recognize splice sites in RNA. made of snRNA, 150 nucleotides long.

30
Q

spliceosome

A

assembly of snRNPs that cuts out intron and joins together exons

31
Q

ribozymes

A

RNA molecules that function as enzymes
- single-stranded so it can base pair with itself to make 3D shape
-some bases in RNA have functional groups that can help in catalysis
- RNA can hydrogen bond with other nucleic enzymes

32
Q

alternative RNA splicing

A

different segments of RNA can be treated as exons. increases number of protein products for smaller amounts of DNA

33
Q

mains

A

discrete structural and functional regions of protein

34
Q

tRNA

A

transfers amino acids from cytoplasm to polypeptide in ribosome. made in nucleus and transported to cytoplasm

35
Q

anticodon

A

nucleotide triplet on tRNA that base-pairs with complementary mRNA codon

36
Q

aminoacyl-tRNA synthetase

A

enzymes that match up tRNA with matching mRNA. (20 types)
1. active site binds amino acid and ATP
2. ATP loses 2 P and binds to amino acid as AMP
3. tRNA covalently binds to amino acid, displacing AMP
4. tRNA charged with amino acid released

37
Q

wobble

A

flexible base pairing at 3rd nucleotide of codon and anticodon (less synthetases than codons)

38
Q

rRNA

A

makes up ribosomes

39
Q

large subunit

A

has P, A, and E site and exit tunnel.

40
Q

small subunit

A

has mRNA binding site

41
Q

P site

A

holds tRNA with growing polypeptide chain

42
Q

A site

A

holds tRNA with the next amino acid

43
Q

E site

A

where discharged tRNAs leave ribosome

44
Q

translation initiation

A
  1. small subunit with initiator tRNA binds at 5’ cap of mRNA and shifts until it binds with start codon
  2. large subunit joins with small subunit using GTP hydrolysis and initiation factors.
45
Q

translation elongation

A
  1. anticodon of tRNA base pairs with mRNA codon at A site. uses GTP hydrolysis
  2. rRNA catalyzes peptide bond between amino acid in A site and amino acid in P site. polypeptide shifts from P site to A site.
  3. tRNA in P site moves to E site and exits. tRNA in A site moves to P site.
46
Q

translation initiation complex

A

small subunit and large subunit combined with iniator tRNA, mRNA, amino acid

47
Q

translation termination

A

stop codon in mRNA reaches A site of ribosome. translation assembly disassociates

48
Q

release factor

A

protein shaped like aminoacyl tRNA. binds to stop codon and causes addition of water molecule instead of amino acid to polypeptide. breakdown of translation complex needs 2+ GTP

49
Q

polyribosomes

A

strings of ribosome making one protein

50
Q

signal peptide

A

marks polypeptides of proteins for endomembrane system or secretion

51
Q

signal-recognition particle

A

protein RNA complex that brings signal peptide marked ribosome to ER membrane.

52
Q

translocation complex

A

membrane pore and signal-cleaving receptor protein in ER. polypeptide translocated through pore into ER and after termination signal-cleaving enzyme cuts off signal polypeptide.

53
Q

mutations

A

changes in DNA

54
Q

point mutations

A

small mutations in single nucleotide pair of a gene

55
Q

nucleotide-pair substitution

A

replacement one nucleotide and its partner with another pair of nucleotides

56
Q

silent mutation

A

no observable effect on phenotype

57
Q

missense substitution

A

changes one amino acid to another one

58
Q

nonsense mutation

A

changes codon to stop codon

59
Q

insertion

A

addition of nucleotide pair

60
Q

deletion

A

loss of nucleotide pair

61
Q

frameshift mutation

A

changes triplet grouping of nucleotides on mRNA read during translation

62
Q

mutagenes

A

physical/chemical agents interacting with DNA and causes mutation

Biology Olympiad (18 decks)

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