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Biology Olympiad > Chapter 19: Viruses > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Viruses Flashcards

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1
Q

virus

A

infectious particle; genes packaged in protein coat

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2
Q

tobacco mosaic virus

A

stunts tobacco growth and gives leaves a mottled coloration.

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3
Q

capsid

A

protein shell enclosing viral genome

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4
Q

capsomeres

A

protein subunits of capsids

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5
Q

helical virus

A

has a capsid made up of a single type protein arranged in a helix

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6
Q

icosahedral virus

A

capsid with 252 identical protein molecules arranged in a polyhedral capsid with 20 triangular faces

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7
Q

adenovirus structure

A

icosahedral capsid with glycoprotein spike at each vertex

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8
Q

influenza virus

A

outer envelope studded with glycoprotein spikes; genome is 8 different RNA wrapped in helical capsid

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9
Q

viral envelopes

A

membranous envelope surrounding capsid. have host cell phospholipids and membrane proteins. also has viral proteins and glycoproteins.

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10
Q

phage

A

virus that infect bacteria

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11
Q

T-even phages

A

elongated icosahedral head enclosing DNA and a protein tail (attaches to bacterium)
ex: T2, T4, T6

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12
Q

host range

A

number of host species a virus can infect

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13
Q

viral replicative cycle

A
  1. virus binds to host cell and inserts viral genome
  2. host enzymes replicate viral genome
  3. host enzymes transcribe viral genome into viral mRNA to make capsid proteins
  4. viral genomes and capsids form new virus particles which exit the cell
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14
Q

lytic cycle

A

phage replicative cycle that kills host

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15
Q

virulent phage

A

phage that only replicates by lytic cycle

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16
Q

restriction enzymes

A

cut up foreign DNA in bacteria

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17
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

allows replication of phage genome without killing the host

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18
Q

temperate phages

A

phages that use both lysogenic and lytic cycles; environmental signal induces phages to initiate lytic cycle

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19
Q

prophage

A

viral DNA integrated into bacterial DNA. can eventually form active phages that lyse host cells

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20
Q

adenovirus

A

dsDNA
- no viral envelope
- respiratory + tumor-inducing viruses

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21
Q

papovavirus

A

dsDNA
- no viral envelope
- papillomavirus (warts, cervical cancer), polyomavirus (tumors)

22
Q

Herpesvirus

A

dsDNA
- yes viral envelope
- herpes simplex 1 and 2 (cold+genital sores), varicella zoster (shingles, chickenpox), Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma)

23
Q

poxvirus

A

dsDNA
- yes viral envelope
- smallpox, cowpox virus

24
Q

parvovirus

A

ssDNA
- no viral envelope
- B19 parvovirus (mild rash)

25
Q

reovirus

A

dsRNA
- no viral envelope
- rotavirus (diarrhea), Colorado tick fever virus

26
Q

picornavirus

A

ssRNA (serves as mRNA)
- no viral envlope
- rhinovirus (cold), poliovirus, hepatitis A, other enteric viruses

27
Q

coronavirus

A

ssRNA (serves as mRNA)
- yes viral envelope
- SARS (sever acute respiratory syndrome)

28
Q

flavivirus

A

ssRNA (serves as mRNA)
- yes viral envelope
- yellow fever, West Nile, hepatitis C virus

29
Q

togavirus

A

ssRNA (serves as mRNA)
- yes viral envelope
- rubella virus, equine encephalitis virus

30
Q

filovirus

A

ssRNA (template for mRNA synthesis)
- yes viral envelope
- Ebola

31
Q

orthomyxovirus

A

ssRNA (template for mRNA synthesis)
- yes viral envelope
- influenza virus

32
Q

paramyxovirus

A

ssRNA (template for mRNA synthesis)
- yes viral envelope
- measles, mumps

33
Q

rhabdovirus

A

ssRNA (template for mRNA synthesis)
- yes viral envelope
- rabies virus

34
Q

retrovirus

A

ssRNA (template for DNA synthesis)
- yes viral envelope
- HIV/AIDS, RNA tumor viruses (leukemia)

35
Q

herpesvirus (description)

A

has a temporary membrane using host cell nuclear membrane. sheds membrane in cytoplasm. gets new membrane from Golgi. copies of viral genome can remain in certain nerve cell nuclei and be latent.

36
Q

reverse transcriptase

A

enzyme that transcribes RNA to DNA in retroviruses.

37
Q

HIV

A

retrovirus that cases AIDS. has an envelope and 2 ssRNA and 2 reverse transcriptase molecules

38
Q

provirus

A

integrated viral DNA in animal virus

39
Q

HIV replicative cycle

A
  1. glycoproteins on viral envelope bind to white blood cell receptors
  2. viral membrane fuses and viral RNA and proteins released into cell
  3. reverse transcriptase makes dsDNA
  4. dsDNA inserted as provirus into cell’s DNA
  5. proviral genes make RNA molecules and viral proteins
  6. vesicles transport glycoproteins to plasma membrane
  7. capsids assembled around viral genomes and reverse transcriptase and bud off
40
Q

transposons

A

DNA segments that can move around in a cell’s genome

41
Q

mimivirus

A

dsDNA virus with 400nm diameter icosahedral capsid. 1.2 million bases and 1000 genes

42
Q

vaccine

A

harmless variant of pathogen that stimulates immune system defense against harmful pathogen

43
Q

acyclovir

A

drug that stops herpes replication by inhibiting viral polymerase

44
Q

azidothymine

A

stops HIV replication by interfering with reverse transcriptase

45
Q

epidemic

A

general outbreak of a disease

46
Q

pandemic

A

global epidemic

47
Q

Influenza A

A

infects many animals and cause major epidemics (“spanish flu”)

48
Q

horizontal transmission

A

plant infected from external source of virus

49
Q

vertical transmission

A

plant infected from a parent (such as asexual propogation or sexual reproduction)

50
Q

viroids

A

circular RNA molecules that infect plants
- cadang-cadang: killed 10 million + coconut palms in Philippines

51
Q

prions

A

infectious proteins
- scrapie (sheep), mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease
- induces other proteins of same type to fold into abnormal shape and turn into prion
- 10+ year incubation period

Biology Olympiad (18 decks)

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