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Biology Olympiad > Chapter 19: Viruses > Flashcards

Chapter 19: Viruses Flashcards

1
Q

virus

A

infectious particle; genes packaged in protein coat

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2
Q

tobacco mosaic virus

A

stunts tobacco growth and gives leaves a mottled coloration.

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3
Q

capsid

A

protein shell enclosing viral genome

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4
Q

capsomeres

A

protein subunits of capsids

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5
Q

helical virus

A

has a capsid made up of a single type protein arranged in a helix

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6
Q

icosahedral virus

A

capsid with 252 identical protein molecules arranged in a polyhedral capsid with 20 triangular faces

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7
Q

adenovirus structure

A

icosahedral capsid with glycoprotein spike at each vertex

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8
Q

influenza virus

A

outer envelope studded with glycoprotein spikes; genome is 8 different RNA wrapped in helical capsid

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9
Q

viral envelopes

A

membranous envelope surrounding capsid. have host cell phospholipids and membrane proteins. also has viral proteins and glycoproteins.

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10
Q

phage

A

virus that infect bacteria

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11
Q

T-even phages

A

elongated icosahedral head enclosing DNA and a protein tail (attaches to bacterium)
ex: T2, T4, T6

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12
Q

host range

A

number of host species a virus can infect

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13
Q

viral replicative cycle

A
  1. virus binds to host cell and inserts viral genome
  2. host enzymes replicate viral genome
  3. host enzymes transcribe viral genome into viral mRNA to make capsid proteins
  4. viral genomes and capsids form new virus particles which exit the cell
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14
Q

lytic cycle

A

phage replicative cycle that kills host

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15
Q

virulent phage

A

phage that only replicates by lytic cycle

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16
Q

restriction enzymes

A

cut up foreign DNA in bacteria

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17
Q

lysogenic cycle

A

allows replication of phage genome without killing the host

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18
Q

temperate phages

A

phages that use both lysogenic and lytic cycles; environmental signal induces phages to initiate lytic cycle

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19
Q

prophage

A

viral DNA integrated into bacterial DNA. can eventually form active phages that lyse host cells

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20
Q

adenovirus

A

dsDNA
- no viral envelope
- respiratory + tumor-inducing viruses

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21
Q

papovavirus

A

dsDNA
- no viral envelope
- papillomavirus (warts, cervical cancer), polyomavirus (tumors)

22
Q

Herpesvirus

A

dsDNA
- yes viral envelope
- herpes simplex 1 and 2 (cold+genital sores), varicella zoster (shingles, chickenpox), Epstein-Barr virus (mononucleosis, Burkitt’s lymphoma)

23
Q

poxvirus

A

dsDNA
- yes viral envelope
- smallpox, cowpox virus

24
Q

parvovirus

A

ssDNA
- no viral envelope
- B19 parvovirus (mild rash)

25
reovirus
dsRNA - no viral envelope - rotavirus (diarrhea), Colorado tick fever virus
26
picornavirus
ssRNA (serves as mRNA) - no viral envlope - rhinovirus (cold), poliovirus, hepatitis A, other enteric viruses
27
coronavirus
ssRNA (serves as mRNA) - yes viral envelope - SARS (sever acute respiratory syndrome)
28
flavivirus
ssRNA (serves as mRNA) - yes viral envelope - yellow fever, West Nile, hepatitis C virus
29
togavirus
ssRNA (serves as mRNA) - yes viral envelope - rubella virus, equine encephalitis virus
30
filovirus
ssRNA (template for mRNA synthesis) - yes viral envelope - Ebola
31
orthomyxovirus
ssRNA (template for mRNA synthesis) - yes viral envelope - influenza virus
32
paramyxovirus
ssRNA (template for mRNA synthesis) - yes viral envelope - measles, mumps
33
rhabdovirus
ssRNA (template for mRNA synthesis) - yes viral envelope - rabies virus
34
retrovirus
ssRNA (template for DNA synthesis) - yes viral envelope - HIV/AIDS, RNA tumor viruses (leukemia)
35
herpesvirus (description)
has a temporary membrane using host cell nuclear membrane. sheds membrane in cytoplasm. gets new membrane from Golgi. copies of viral genome can remain in certain nerve cell nuclei and be latent.
36
reverse transcriptase
enzyme that transcribes RNA to DNA in retroviruses.
37
HIV
retrovirus that cases AIDS. has an envelope and 2 ssRNA and 2 reverse transcriptase molecules
38
provirus
integrated viral DNA in animal virus
39
HIV replicative cycle
1. glycoproteins on viral envelope bind to white blood cell receptors 2. viral membrane fuses and viral RNA and proteins released into cell 3. reverse transcriptase makes dsDNA 4. dsDNA inserted as provirus into cell's DNA 5. proviral genes make RNA molecules and viral proteins 6. vesicles transport glycoproteins to plasma membrane 7. capsids assembled around viral genomes and reverse transcriptase and bud off
40
transposons
DNA segments that can move around in a cell's genome
41
mimivirus
dsDNA virus with 400nm diameter icosahedral capsid. 1.2 million bases and 1000 genes
42
vaccine
harmless variant of pathogen that stimulates immune system defense against harmful pathogen
43
acyclovir
drug that stops herpes replication by inhibiting viral polymerase
44
azidothymine
stops HIV replication by interfering with reverse transcriptase
45
epidemic
general outbreak of a disease
46
pandemic
global epidemic
47
Influenza A
infects many animals and cause major epidemics ("spanish flu")
48
horizontal transmission
plant infected from external source of virus
49
vertical transmission
plant infected from a parent (such as asexual propogation or sexual reproduction)
50
viroids
circular RNA molecules that infect plants - cadang-cadang: killed 10 million + coconut palms in Philippines
51
prions
infectious proteins - scrapie (sheep), mad cow disease, Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease - induces other proteins of same type to fold into abnormal shape and turn into prion - 10+ year incubation period

Biology Olympiad (18 decks)

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