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Biology Olympiad > Chapter 11: Cell Signaling > Flashcards

Chapter 11: Cell Signaling Flashcards

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1
Q

Mating factors

A

a and α factors of yeast cells. when exposed a pair of cells of the opposite type fuse into new a/α cell

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2
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

Signal binds to receptor and is transduced (changed) into response

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3
Q

Quorum sensing

A

Bacteria sense concentration of signaling molecules to monitor local density of cells

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4
Q

Local signaling

A

Signaling for nearby cells
- cell junctions
- cell cell recognition (surface molecules)

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5
Q

Local regulators

A

Signaling molecules for short distances
- growth factors (growth/division)

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6
Q

Paracrine signaling

A

Numerous cells simultaneously recieve/respond to signaling molecules produced by a single nearby cell

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7
Q

Synaptic signaling

A

Electrical signal along nerve cell triggers secretion of neurotransmitters, which diffuse across the synapse to the target cell

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8
Q

Hormones

A

Chemicals for long distance signaling

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9
Q

Endocrine signaling

A

Specialized endocrine cells release hormones which travel through the circulatory system to target cells

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10
Q

Plant hormones

A

Sometimes travel in vessels but mostly move through cells or diffuse through the air as gas

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11
Q

Epinephrine

A

Hormone that stimulates breakdown of glycogen

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12
Q

Glycogen breakdown

A

Releases glucose 1-phosphate, which is converted to glucose 6-phosphate. Then used by liver/muscle cell for energy production, or stripped of phosphate and released into blood as glucose

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13
Q

Glycogen phosphorylase

A

Cytosolic enzyme activated by epinephrine through a series of steps (plasma membrane is necessary)

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14
Q

Reception

A

Detection; Signal binds to receptor protein on target cell

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15
Q

Transduction

A

Converts signal to a form that causes a specific cellular response

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16
Q

Signal transduction pathway

A

Sequence of changes in a series of different molecules

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17
Q

Response

A

Cellular activity caused by signal

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18
Q

Ligand

A

Molecule that specifically binds to another molecule. Binding generally causes a shape change in receptor

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19
Q

GPCR

A
20
Q

G protein

A
21
Q

GTPase enzyme

A
22
Q

GPCR pathway

A
23
Q

Receptor tyrosine kinase

A

Plasma membrane receptor that attaches phosphate to tyrosine because of ligand. Can activate 10+ transduction pathways/results -> abnormal ones cause many cancers

24
Q

RTK pathway

A
25
Q

Ligand gated ion channel

A

Membrane receptor with a ion channel that opens/closes if bound to ligand.

26
Q

Cell surface receptors

A

GPCR, RTK, ligand gated ion channels. 30% of all proteins. Flexible and unstable (difficult for X-ray crystallography)

27
Q

Intracellular receptors

A

In nucleus or cytoplasm. Signaling molecules must be small and/or hydrophobic.
- transcription factors

28
Q

Relay molecules

A

Relay a signal from receptor to response

29
Q

Protein kinase

A

Enzyme that transfers phosphate from ATP to protein
- most act on other proteins not themselves
- serine/threonine are often phosphorylated

30
Q

Phosphorylation cascade

A

Pathway of protein phosphorylation

31
Q

Protein Phosphatase

A

Enzyme catalyze removal of phosphate from protein (dephosphorylation)

32
Q

Second messengers

A

Small, non protein, water soluble molecules in signaling pathways

33
Q

Adenyl Cyclase

A

Converts ATP to cyclic AMP in response to extracellular signal. Can greatly increase cytosolic concentration of cAMP

34
Q

cAMP

A

Important second messenger. Activated by epinephrine and many other hormones/signals. Included in G protein, GPCR, and protein kinase pathways. High levels of cAMP activates protein kinase A.

35
Q

Protein kinase A

A

Serine/threonine kinase which phosphorylates a variety of other proteins

36
Q

Phosphodiesterase

A

Converts cAMP to AMP

37
Q

Cholera

A

Cholera toxin permanently activates G protein involved in salt/water regulation by stopping it from hydrolyzing GTP to GDP. G protein continually activates adenyl cyclase, and resulting high concentration of cAMP causes lots of salt and water (osmosis) to be released from intestinal cells.

38
Q

Ca 2+

A

Important second messenger
Functions: muscle cell contraction, secretion of certain substances, cell division, etc.
-low cytosolic concentration (actively transported into ER, outside the cell, sometimes to mitochondria/chloroplasts)
- signal increases cytosolic concentration of ca 2+ (usually through ER)

39
Q

IP3 (inositol triphosphate)

A

Second messenger involved in calcium release. Diffuses through cytosol and binds to IP3 gated channel on ER membrane, causing it to open (calcium is released to cytosol)

40
Q

DAG (diacylglycerol)

A

Second messenger involved in calcium release

41
Q

Phospholipase C

A

Cleaves plasma membrane phospholipid PIP2 into IP3 and DAG

42
Q

Calcium release pathway

A
  1. Signal activates receptor
  2. Receptor activates phospholipase C
  3. Phospholipase C forms IP3
  4. IP3 binds to ER membrane protein
  5. Calcium released from ER
43
Q

Scaffolding proteins

A

Large relay proteins that attach to several other relay proteins
- can permanently hold together signaling pathway proteins at synapses

44
Q

Apoptosis

A

Controlled cell suicide. DNA and organelles are cut up. Cell shrinks and becomes lobed, packaged into vesicles. Scavenger cells digest vesicles.

45
Q

C. Elegans apoptosis

A
  1. Ced-9 protein in outer mitochondrial membrane inhibits Ced-3 and ced-4.
  2. Death signal inactivated ced-9
  3. Activated ced-3 (protease) and ced-4 activates nucleuses and proteases
46
Q

Caspases

A

Main proteases of apoptosis

Biology Olympiad (18 decks)

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