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Biology Olympiad > Chapter 12: Cell Cycle > Flashcards

Chapter 12: Cell Cycle Flashcards

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AP® Biology flashcards Biology 101 flashcards
1
Q

Genome

A

A cell’s DNA

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2
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures containing DNA

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3
Q

Chromatin

A

Entire complex of DNA and proteins that make up chromosomes

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4
Q

Somatic cells

A

All the body cells except the reproductive cells. 2 sets of chromosomes, one from each parent

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5
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells. Half the chromosomes of body cells.

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6
Q

Sister chromatids

A

Joined copies of original chromosome in a duplicated chromosome

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7
Q

Cohesins

A

Attach sister chromatids along their lengths (sister chromatid cohesion)

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8
Q

Centromere

A

Region of chromosome where chromatid most closely attached to sister chromatid

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9
Q

Mitosis

A

Division of genetic material in nucleus

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10
Q

Cytokinesis

A

Division of cytoplasm

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11
Q

Mitotic (M) phase

A

Mitosis and cytokinesis part of the cell cycle (shortest part)

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12
Q

Interphase

A

Longest part of cell cycle (90%). Cell grows and duplicates chromosomes. Divided into G1 phase, S phase, G2 phase

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13
Q

S phase

A

DNA is replicated

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14
Q

Mitotic spindle

A

Structure of microtubules, proteins, asters, centrosomes in cell division. Parts of cytoskeleton disassembles to form mitotic spindle

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15
Q

Polymerize

A

Elongate (microtubules)

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16
Q

Centrosome

A

Microtubule organizing center in the cell. Duplicates and then moves apart during cell division.

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17
Q

Aster

A

Radial array of short microtubules extending from each centrosome

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18
Q

Kinetochore

A

Structure of proteins on each sister chromatid centromere where spindle attaches. Each faces opposite directions. Depolymerizes spindle microtubules

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19
Q

G2 of Interphase

A
  • nuclear envelope
  • 2+ nucleoli
  • 2 centrosomes
  • duplicated, not condensed chromosomes
20
Q

Prophase

A
  • chromatin condenses
  • no nucleoli
  • chromosome appears as 2 sister chromatids joined together
  • mitotic spindle begins to form (includes asters)
  • centrosomes move away from each other (lengthening microtubules)
21
Q

Prometaphase

A
  • nuclear envelope fragments (microtubules can enter nucleus)
  • chromosomes condense more
  • each sister chromatid has kinetochore where microtubules attach
  • non kinetochore microtubules interact with those from opposite side
22
Q

Metaphase

A
  • centrosomes at opposite poles
  • chromosomes at metaphase plate
  • kinetochores attached to kinetochore microtubules from opposite poles
23
Q

Anaphase

A
  • shortest stage
  • cohesins cleaved, sister chromatids detach
  • daughter chromosomes move (centromere first)
  • non kinetochore microtubules lengthen, kinetochore microtubules shorten
24
Q

Telophase

A
  • 2 daughter nuclei, nuclear envelope reforms
  • nucleoli reappear
  • spindle goes away
25
Q

Metaphase plate

A

Imaginary plate in cell

26
Q

Cleavage

A

Process of cytokinesis

27
Q

Cleavage furrow

A

Shallow groove in cell surface by metaphase plate. Caused by contractile ring of actin microfilaments and myosin. Deepens until cell pinched in 2

28
Q

Cell plate

A

Coalescence of vesicles from Golgi apparatus in plant cytokinesis. Enlarges until it fuses with plasma membrane and forms 2 daughter cells

29
Q

Binary fission

A

Cell division in prokaryotes. Cell doubles in size and divides.

30
Q

Origin of replication

A

Spot where (circular) bacterial chromosome begins to replicate. Results in 2 origins. Each moves to opposite ends and continues to replicate.

31
Q

Dinoflagellate

A

Chromosome attaches to nuclear envelope (intact). Microtubules pass through nucleus inside cytoplasmic tunnels.

32
Q

Diatoms and yeast

A

Microtubules form within nucleus and separates chromosomes

33
Q

Cell cycle control system

A

Cyclic molecules triggering/coordinating events in cell cucle

34
Q

Checkpoint

A

Control point in cell cycle where signals can regulate cycle

35
Q

Cyclin

A

Protein that activates kinases which drive cell cycle. Accumulates through S and G2 phases. Degrades during G1.

36
Q

Cdk (cyclin dependent kinases)

A

Kinases that drive the cell cycle

37
Q

MPF

A

Cyclin Cdk complex. Promotes mitosis by phosphorylating various proteins. Peaks during metaphase, degraded during anaphase (Cyclin degrades)

38
Q

G0 phase

A

Nondividing phase (exit cell cycle). Most cells in humans in this phase.

39
Q

Growth factor

A

Protein that stimulates other cells to divide

40
Q

PDGF (platelet derived growth factor)

A

Made by platelets. Stimulate fibroblast division. Fibroblasts help heal wounds.

41
Q

Density dependent division

A

Crowded cells stop dividing.

42
Q

Anchorage dependence

A

Cell must be attached to substratum. Present in many animal cells.

43
Q

Transformation

A

Process where cell becomes able to divide indefinitely and behave like a cancer cell

44
Q

Benign tumor

A

Tumor that remains at one site

45
Q

Malignant tumor

A

Tumor that can spread to new locations

46
Q

Metastasis

A

Spread of cancer cells to new locations

Biology Olympiad (18 decks)

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