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Biology Olympiad > Chapter 13: Meiosis > Flashcards

Chapter 13: Meiosis Flashcards

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1
Q

Genes

A

Hereditary units

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2
Q

Gametes

A

Reproductive cells that transfer genes

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3
Q

Somatic cells

A

Body cells excluding reproductive cells

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4
Q

Asexual reproduction

A

Single individual passes on exact copies of its genome

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5
Q

Clone

A

Genetically identical individuals; formed through sexual reproduction

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6
Q

Sexual reproduction

A

Two parents make offspring with unique combinations of their genes

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7
Q

Locus

A

Gene’s specific location along chromosoke

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8
Q

Karyotype

A

Ordered display of an organisms chromosomes

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9
Q

Homologous chromosomes

A

Homologs. Chromosomes of a pair with the same length, centromere position, staining pattern. Control the same inherited characters

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10
Q

Sexx chromosomes

A

X and Y chromosomes

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11
Q

Autosomes

A

All of the chromosomes except the sex chromosomes

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12
Q

n

A

Number of chromosomes in a single set of chromosomes

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13
Q

Diploid cells

A

Have 2n chromosomes (number of chromosomes in somatic cells)

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14
Q

Haploid cell

A

Have n chromosomes. (Gametes).

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15
Q

Fertilization

A

Union of gametes

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16
Q

Zygote

A

Fertilized egg formed from fused gametes

17
Q

Germ cells

A

Specialized cells in the gonads that make gametes

18
Q

Alteration of generations

A

Life cycle in plants and some algae with multicellular haploid and diploid stages.
1. Meiosis forms haploid (n) spores
2. Spores form gametophyte
3. Gametophyte makes haploid gametes
4. Gametes fertilize and form diploid (2n) zygote
5. Zygote forms sporophyte
Repeat

19
Q

Sporophyte

A

Multicellular diploid stage

20
Q

Gametophyte

A

Multicellular haploid stage

21
Q

Protist/fungi life cycle

A
  1. Gametes form diploid zygote
  2. Single cell zygote undergoes meiosis and forms haploid cells
  3. Haploid cells undergo mitosis to form multicellular/unicellular adult organism
  4. Haploid cells then undergo mitosis to form gametes
    Repeat
22
Q

Meiosis 1

A

Homologous chromosomes separate

23
Q

Meiosis 2

A

Sister chromatids separate

24
Q

Prophase 1

A

Same as mitosis prophase 1 except:
- homologs loosely lined up and connected by cohesins
- DNA of nonsister chromatids broken at specific points
- synapsis occurs
- crossing over and occurs and chiasmata form

25
Q

Metaphase 1

A

Homologous chromosomes line up at metaphase plate

26
Q

Anaphase 1

A

Sister chromatid cohesion along the arms breaks down, but cohesion at centromere persists. Homologs separate

27
Q

Metaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids align at metaphase plate

28
Q

Anaphase 2

A

Sister chromatids separate because cohesion at centromeres break down

29
Q

Synaptonemal complex

A

Holds Homologs together in prophase 1. Zipper like structure.

30
Q

Synapsis (crossing over)

A

When chromosomes are joined by synaptonemal complex.

31
Q

Crossing over

A

Broken ends of homologs are joined to non sister chromosome. (ex: Paternal chromatid joined to piece of maternal chromatid). Must occur at least once per chromosome for homologs to stay together as they move towards metaphase plate.

32
Q

Chiasmata

A

Points of crossover in homologs. Hold homologs together in meiosis 1 as spindle forms.

33
Q

Reductional division

A

Reduces number of chromosome sets. Done by meiosis 1 because chromosome sets decreases from 2n to n.

34
Q

Equational divison

A

Number of chromosome sets remain the same. Meiosis 2.

35
Q

Independent assortment

A

Maternal/paternal homologs sorted independently of the other pairs. (Results in different combinations of maternal and paternal chromosomes in daughter cells)

36
Q

Recombinant chromosomes

A

Chromosomes with genes from different parents

Biology Olympiad (18 decks)

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