Chapter 6 Flashcards
skull, spine, hyoid and rib cages
axial skeleton
bones of upper and lower limbs
appendicular skeleton
illium, ischium
pelvic girdle
scapula, clavicle
pectoral girdle
longer than wide, upper and lower limbs
long bone
cube shaped, wrist, metacarpals, ankle
short bone
thin, flattened shape, skull, scapulae, sternum
flat bone
varied shapes, vertebrae and facial bones
irregular bone
circular, patella
round bone
large sugars that are attached to proteins and store large amounts of water
proteoglycans
rope like protein, joints have cartilage containing this
collagen
dense irregular connective tissue, contains blood vessels and nerves, covers bones outer surface
periosteum
ends of bone, spongy tissue
epiphysis
central shaft, main portion of long bone, compact tissue
diaphysis
rigid elements of the skeleton meet here, join bone to bone, most flexible points of any skeleton
articulation
site of growth in long bones, composed of hylaine cartilage, between diaphysis and epiphysis, fuses to this when growth ends
epithelial plate/line
center of diaphysis, filled with red or yellow marrow
medullary cavity
thin connective tissue membrane that lines medullary cavity
endosteum
consists of blood
red marrow
consists of fat
yellow marrow
forms diaphysis of long bones, composed of osteons
compact bone
forms epiphyses of long bone, medullary cavity of other bones, lighter and no osteons.
spongy bone
form strong lacy network with many small marrow filled spaces, avascular
trabeculae
structural units of compact bone, sheets of bone wrapped upon itself
osteon
unspecialized cells present in perosteum, endosteum and central canal
osteoprogenitor cell
cell with single nucleus, builds up one
osteoblasts
bones are first modeled in hyaline cartilage, then replaced gradually by bone. all bones form this way from the skull down (except clavicles)
enchocondral ossification
bones form between fibrous connective tissue without being modeled by cartilage, skull, lateral clavicles.
intramembraneous ossification
osteoblasts add more matrix to outer surface of bone, causes increase in bone width, makes bone thicker and stronger
appositonal growth
bone is broken, blood vessels are damaged and bleed, clot forms. 6-8 hours
hematoma
2-3 days after break, fibrocartilage fills space between broken bone
fibrocartilaginous callus
osteoblasts enter callus and form spongy bone, 3-4 months
bony callus
osteoblasts build new compact bone, osteoclasts reabsorb spongy bone and create new medullary cavity
remodeling
secreted by parathyroid if blood calcium is too low
Parathyroid Hormone
secreted by thyroid if blood calcium is too high
Calcitonin
bone broken through and separated into two parts
complete fracture
if bone is not completely separated
incomplete fracture
the bone does not pierce skin
simple fracture
bone pierces skin
compound fracture
broken ends of bone are wedged into each other
impacted fracture
ragged break due to twisting of bone
spiral fracture
no joint cavity, little to no movement, cranium
fibrous articulations
joined by hyaline or fibrocartilage, no joint activity, only slightly movable, like on spine
carilaginous articulations
joint eggs, freely movable, fluid filled cavity
synovial articulation
lined with synovial membrane, produced synovial fluid,
joint cavity
cells in osteons, previously osteoblasts now surrounded by bone
osteocytes
uric acid cells deposit into joints
gout
autoimmune disease which leads to inflammation in synovial membrane
rheumatoid arthritis
caused by deterioration of articular cartilage
osteoarthritis
thinning bones
osteoporosis
