Chapter 6&7 Flashcards
The Human Person Flourishing in terms of Science and Technology
The utmost good of a person’s endeavor to accomplish a goal is to ___________.
flourish
According to ____________, what is beneficial for beings with intentions and goals is good for all entities. The existence of unique human beings, each with their logical mind and free will is a basic aspect of being _______.
Aristotle, human
It sees technology as essentially a tool.
Aristotelianism
According to _________, technology is the organization of ways to satisfy demands put forward by humanity. This may give the impression that technology mostly focuses on the result. The value assigned to a product based on its usage and impact on society will determine whether technology is beneficial or harmful
Aristotle
French philosopher ___________ strongly concurs with this viewpoint (Technological Pessimism)
Jacques Ellul
Technology is often referred to as a tool, but in this viewpoint, it has replace everyday life.
Technological Pessimism
The four points of Ellul’s pessimistic thesis are that
(1) technological advancement comes at a cost, (2) it causes additional difficulties,
(3) it has negative impacts, and
(4) it has unanticipated and terrible repercussions.
This viewpoint is highly supported by technologist, engineers, and regular people who believe that technology can cure all troubles and bring answers to future challenges.
Technological Optimism
It maintains that technology will still provide solutions even if technical difficulties develop.
Technological Optimism
The most extreme manifestation of this concept is __________________, which regards technology as the ultimate authority on everything.
technocratism
The major issue of this viewpoint is the existence or manner of being of someone or something guided by the authenticity rule.
Existentialism
This viewpoint primarily investigates the meaning of existence or being and is always confronted with the choice of which the existing must dedicate himself.
Existentialism
_______________ is a well-known supporter of existentialism.
Martin Heidegger
He has not stopped describing what technology is but has addressed its core. According to him, the true core of technology is enframing, the collecting of the setting upon which man is challenged to bring the concealed to the revealed, and this is a constant unveiling.
Martin Heidegger
____________________ , a well-known German philosopher, investigated two common definitions of technology: ___________________________
Martin Heidegger, a means to a goal and a human activity since he considered that both definitions were confused and that there were concerns that we often overlooked.
The material by which the silver chalice was made of: Silver
- Causa Materialis or the Material Cause
Aristotle’s Four Causes
- Causa Materialis or the Material Cause
- Causa Formalis or the Formal Cause
- Causa Finalis or the Final Cause
- Causa Efficiens or the Efficient Cause
The form or the shape that gave the silver chalice its image.
- Causa Formalis or the Formal Cause
The fundamental function for which the silver chalice was created was to hold the wine, which stands in for the blood of Christ, during Holy Communion.
- Causa Finalis or the Final Cause
The agent that has caused for the silver chalice to come about: the silversmith
- Causa Efficiens or the Efficient Cause
Certainly! Let’s delve into Aristotle’s Four Causes and how Martin Heidegger used the example of a silver chalice to illustrate them:
Aristotle proposed that there are four causes that explain why something exists or why it works the way it does. These causes are:
Material Cause: This refers to the material or substance from which something is made. For example, the material cause of a silver chalice is the silver itself.
Formal Cause: This refers to the specific form or structure that gives something its identity. In the case of a silver chalice, the formal cause includes its shape, design, and how it’s put together as a chalice.
Efficient Cause: This refers to the agent or force that brings something into being or causes it to change. It’s about what makes something happen. For the silver chalice, the efficient cause could be the silversmith who crafts it.
Final Cause: This refers to the purpose or end for which something exists or is done. It’s about the ultimate goal or function of something. In the case of the silver chalice, its final cause could be to hold liquid during religious ceremonies or special occasions.
Now, Heidegger used the example of a silver chalice to deepen his understanding of these causes. He suggested that the chalice exemplifies all four causes:
Material Cause: The silver chalice’s material cause is the silver itself, which forms its physical substance.
Formal Cause: The formal cause of the chalice lies in its shape, design, and overall structure, which make it recognizable as a chalice.
Efficient Cause: The efficient cause is the skilled craftsmanship of the silversmith who creates the chalice, shaping the silver into its form.
Final Cause: The final cause of the chalice is its intended purpose or function, such as holding liquid for religious rituals or ceremonies.
By using the example of the silver chalice, Heidegger illustrated how these four causes interplay to bring about the existence and purpose of an object, deepening our understanding of Aristotle’s philosophical framework.
FACTTTTT
The birth of the _____________ is attributed to each of the four factors.
silver chalice
__________ is the process of anything coming into being, and an outside force defines it. It is bringing something hidden into the open, transforming technology into both a means and a means of revelation.
Poiesis
The _________ created the silver chalice for the function for which it was intended.
silversmith
The ___________ was brought forth as a result of outside forces.
silver chalice
___________ refers to anything that occurred naturally, such as a flower blooming in a field or a tree yielding its fruit. Even without assistance from the outside, the flower bloomed, and the tree produced fruit.
physis
Heidegger believed that technology is not just about making things, but about revealing hidden aspects of the world. He called this revealing process “enframing.” Enframing brings out what’s hidden, making it clear and public. It’s like pulling back a curtain to show what’s behind it.
He used the example of a hydroelectric plant to illustrate this. When we build a dam and create a reservoir, we’re revealing the potential for generating electrical energy from the water. But this revealing also hides something - it changes the natural flow of the river and impacts the environment.
Heidegger warned that this continuous revealing through technology comes with risks. The more we try to uncover and understand, the more we might overlook or misinterpret. He urged people to be more thoughtful and discerning about the consequences of revealing things through technology, both for themselves and for others connected to them.
T
Modern technology is shown by nature’s difficulties because, rather than bringing about changes, it imposes demands on nature in order to:
Unlock and expose. The basic idea is that nature won’t reveal itself unless provoked. This is true of the hydroelectric plant constructed on a River, which released the electricity it was hiding.
Stockpiles for future use. Technology strives to satisfy future expectations since it is a tool for a purpose. The community is storing the power generated by the hydroelectric plant situated on the Rhine River.
________ used the term “____________” to describe this set of circumstances, which reflects the essence of modern technology by challenging humans to uncover what is hidden.
Heidegger, enframing
_________ is simply the process of organizing whatever is available to humans, particularly what is hidden. However, there’s a mutual interaction between the two: humans can’t reveal what’s hidden without it calling out to be revealed, and what’s hidden won’t become known unless humans respond to its call.
Enframing
This sets contemporary technology apart from purely human efforts, and Heidegger argued that ____________ is at the core of technology.
enframing
______ (2012) shared that; we can’t turn to science for an answer because in the first place, science identified human with varied option and limited evidence. He further stressed that “Biologists aren’t equipped to tell us whether an organism, is a human organism because “human” is a folk-category rather a scientific one” (page.2.).
Smith
According to __________________________ (1987; as cited in Bernaldez, 2001), the ability to reason sets humans apart from other animals. This intelligence enables self-consciousness and awareness to the extent necessary for humans to fulfill their functional needs, find the truth, and advance as a species. It may sound universally acceptable but to Heidegger, the question ‘What is human being?”, is just the tip of the original and more valid question ‘What is the meaning of being?” He thought that such move was to divert the “inquirer11 from the “object of inquiry”.
Blakemore and Greenfield
“__________,” which literally translates as “being there.”
dasein
The teachings of Aristotle imply that every man’s existence has a purpose and that it serves the aim of achieving that purpose.
Aristotle’s Viewpoint
According to ___________, everyone’s greatest objective and goal in life is to be happy (on earth).
Aristotle
__________ thought that people naturally want to know and grasp the truth, strive for moral excellence, and actualize their goals in the world by their actions. The flourishing, happiness, or eudemonia that is one’s rightful and desired aim is also the focus of these deeds.
Aristotle
_____________ consists of _________ words “eu” which means _______ and “______ which means _______.
eudaimonia, Greek, “good”
daemon, “spirit”.
This literally defines as “the state of having good indwelling spirit; a good genius”.
Eudaimonia
Greek term ___________ (eudaemonism) describes the comfortable condition of being healthy, happy, and successful as well as the possession of a good indwelling spiri
eudaimonia
_________ is a term used in moral philosophy to describe the right actions as those that lead to an individual’s well-being
Eudaimonia
In general sense, __________ can be perceived
as any theory that places the personal happiness of an individual and his or her
complete life at the core of ethical concern
eudaimonia
Greek philosopher ___________, who was born in _________, disagreed with the ______________.
Epicurus, 341 B.C., metaphysical philosophers
He thought that moderation and balance made room for happiness.
Epicurus
. His perspective is more on the idea behind the true source of experiencing happiness than it is on how happiness may be described.
Epicurus
it supports the hedonism-based ethical doctrine that says _____ is the standard of morality. However, it also emphasizes the need to weigh pleasure against suffering in order to achieve well
being.
Epicurus’ Viewpoint, pleasure
German philosopher ________________ (1844-1900), who often published in the 1870s and 1880s, was well known during that time.
Friedrich Nietzsche
He is renowned for his criticisms of psychological assessments, leading to diametrically opposed beliefs about what individuals should believe.
Friedrich Nietzsche
__________ had an unexpectedly different perspective on happiness. He believes that happiness is a “ideal state of laziness,” as opposed to many philosophers who believe it to be a “constant state of well-being.” Being carefree and without worry in life is how he defines laziness.
Nietzsche
Philosophers’ ideas prove an objective understanding of what it means to flourish. It acknowledges that the greatest aspiration of man is to prosper and enjoy a happy existence (for example, a mental habit) or some sort of value (for example, insights, outlook). The ability to feel life fulfillment may be restricted by one’s mental habits and values toward it. On the other side, it may result in self-actualization, which would help one comprehend their purpose. As a result, it makes sense why it is challenging for someone to provide a precise response to the question, “What is happiness? It is essentially the same need when attempting to answer the query, “What is the purpose of your life? “.
Nietzsche’s Viewpoint
