Chapter 1&2 - Introduction and history of Science, Technology, and Society Flashcards
- the driving forces that shape our society
Science and Technology
- helps us understand the world, and technology transforms these insights into everyday innovations, shaping the way we live, work, and connect with each other.
Science
_________________ are dynamic processes engaged in by man to satisfy two basic needs. What are those?
Science and technology, the thirst for knowledge and the material requirements for human survival and prosperity.
- it is the description, understanding, and prediction of phenomena through the use and generation of verifiable theories, laws, and principles.
Science
- it involves the acquisition of new knowledge and the utilization of such knowledge to devise new or improved products and processes.
Research and development
The oxford dictionary defines __________ as the intellectual and practical activity encompassing the systematic study of the structure and behaviour of the physical and natural world through observation and experiment.
Science
According to McGinn, Science has four meanings:
As a knowledge- the organized, well founded body of knowledge of natural phenomena
As a field of systematic inquiry into nature- the particular field or domain or systematic inquiry in which such knowledge is sought.
As a form of human cultural activity- a distinct form of human activity in which such knowledge is sought
As a total societal enterprise- the summation of knowledge, people, skills, organization, facilities techniques, physical resources, methods and technologies, which is devoted to the study and understanding of the natural world.
- it is the use of scientific knowledge and/or empirical knowhow for the production, improvement, and distribution of goods and services, as well as the satisfaction of other material needs.
Technology
It is the application of natural laws to the solution of practical problems.
Technology
In the book ________________________, _________________ defined technology in three ways. What are those?
(1) Technology is a means to fulfill a human purpose in that a method or any material may be utilized to serve a human purpose.
(2) Technology is an assemblage of practices and components
(3) Technology is a collection of devices and engineering practices available to culture.
- a group of persons joined together for a common purpose or by a common interest. They come to learn and perform behavior expected of them.
Society
_________ place societies in 3 broad categories:
Sociologust
Pre industrial Society: Food production, which is carried through the use of human and animal labor, is the main economic activity.
Industrial Societies: The increase efficiency of production of the industrial revolution produced an even greater surplus than before.
Post- industrial societies: Societies dominated by information, services, and high technology more than the production of goods are known as Post Industrial Societies.
Four common characteristics of Science
(1) Focuses on the Natural Word
(2) Goes through Experiments
(3) Relies on Evidence
(4) Passes through the systematic Community
- it is ______ that decides how S&T is to be utilized.
refers to studies of phenomena such as the general nature and interrelationship of science and technology
Internal
__________________ strongly opposes the view that technology “is a means to an end”or a human activity.
Martin Heidegger
Relationships of Science, Technology and Society
(1) Science and technology are interdependent
(2) Science and technology has a big impact on the society
(3) Science and technology has a positive and negative effects to the environment
- at allows for the discoveries and inventions to take place.
Society
Science as organized body of thought
Ancient Period
they build a logical basis for the universe
Ionian Philosophers
They used stones as tools, and then learned how to shape stones to make more efficient tools. As the tools improved, so people were able to use them to fashion weapons and other artifacts from bone, antler, and wood
Ancient Period
They also learned how to capture fire from natural sources such as wild fires, and later to make fire for themselves by using the heat generated by friction or sparks from stones. or by concentrating the sun’s heat.
Ancient Period
____________ are considered to be the first recognized technology
Stone tools
Evidence implies that the early relatives of modem humans who are not directly descended from them, the _____________, created the first stone tools.
australopithecines
The next technology that we
are aware of appeared after two new ..,.,-.- species, _______________ and _____________, appeared 1,800,000 years ago
Homo ergaster and Homo
erectus
One may consider the earliest “machine tool” to be the _____________ that was used to work the other tools.
hammerstone
The creation of these stone tools led these ancient humanoid species to become the first hunter hunter-gatherers of the world
hammerstone
Today, many scientists believe that _________ species were also the very first humanoid species to achieve the controlled use of fire.
Homo erectus
Bronze Age
Mesopotamian Civilization, Egyptian Civilization, Ancient Chinese Civilization, Indus Valley Civilization
__________, situated in the region that encompasses modem day Iraq, Kuwait, Syria, and Turkey, holds a crucial place in the annals of human history.
Mesopotamia
This ancient civilization flourished between the _______ and _____________, earning it the nickname “____________________.”
MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
Tigris and Euphrates Rivers, the land between the rivers
At the heart of Mesopotamia stood ______, its most illustrious capital city. _______ was not only a political and administrative center but also a hub of cultural and intellectual achievements.
Babylon
with their advanced knowledge of agriculture, irrigation systems, and urban planning, laid the foundation for many aspects of modern society. Their contributions to mathematics, astronomy, and writing systems have left an indelible mark on the development of human
civilization.
MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
__________ made remarkable strides that shaped the course of human development Among their notable achievements, the ___________ introduced a structured calendar, organizing time into a 360-day cycle, a concept that laid the foundation for future calendar systems used worldwide.
MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
Sumerians
Another pivotal _____________ invention was the _______. This ingenious creation not only revolutionized transportation but also became a fundamental building block for various forms of machinery, enhancing productivity and trade in the region
Mesopotamian, wheel
They demonstrated a mastery of craftsmanship by being among the first to produce glass, a material that would go on to have diverse applications in architecture, art, and technology.
MESOPOTAMIANS, MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
In the realm of geography and navigation, _____________ saw the birth of the earliest known maps, reflecting the intricate understanding of their surroundings and paving the way for the exploration of distant lands in the centuries to come.
MESOPOTAMIA, MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
mathematicians made significant contributions to the field, most notably discovering the Pythagorean Theorem, a fundamental principle in geometry that continues to be studied and applied in mathematics and engineering today.
MESOPOTAMIAN MATHEMATICIANS, MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
Mesopotamians laid down some of the earliest written laws, exemplified by the famous ____________. This legal codification provided a framework for justice and governance, establishing precedents that influenced legal systems throughout history.
Code of Hammurabi
In the realm of agriculture, ________________ demonstrated remarkable ingenuity by implementing advanced irrigation systems. These systems allowed them to efficiently water crops, fostering agricultural abundance and supporting the growth of thriving communities.
Mesopotamia’s farmers , MESOPOTAMIAN CIVILIZATION
_____________ emerged as a cradle of human progress, leaving an enduring legacy that continues to shape the modern world.
MESOPOTAMIA
The ______________, spanning from modern-day ______ in the north to ______ in the south, thrived along the banks of the ___________, an essential geographical feature that nurtured their prosperity and ingenuity.
Syria, Sudan, Nile River
They showcased their advanced understanding of the natural world. They devised a 365-day calendar, a system rooted in their combined knowledge of mathematics and astronomy
Egyptian Civilization
Their mastery of engineering was evident in the construction of dams _on the __________and the digging of canals, such as the one connecting the _________ to the _______, facilitating trade and transportation.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION, Garawi River, Nile River, Red Sea
In the realm of medicine, ________ were pioneers, utilizing around _____ drugs and medications for various ailments, demonstrating an early understanding of pharmacology and healing practices
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION, Egyptians, 700
Their unique beliefs and rituals also played a significant role in shaping their scientific and technological endeavors. Their profound reverence for rulers, whom they believed transformed into gods after death, led to elaborate practices like ______________.
EGYPTIAN CIVILIZATION, Egyptians, mummification
This process, aimed at preserving the bodies of the deceased, especially rulers, was complemented by the construction of grand pyramids.
Mummification
These _________ served as elaborate tombs, containing essential items believed to be necessary for the afterlife, including pets and jewelry. However, these structures, despite their grandeur, were later conquered by the Persian and Roman Empires.
pyramids
In essence, the ________________s’ holistic approach to science, technology, and spirituality showcased their remarkable achievements and enduring legacy, influencing numerous civilizations that followed.
ancient Egyptian
Ancient Chinese Civilization, nestled along the _________ (Yellow River), stands as one of Asia’s earliest and most influential societies.
Huangho
Many of today’s fundamental discoveries and inventions trace their origins back to Chinese ingenuity, with prominent figures excelling in diverse scientific fields such as astronomy, geography, and mathematics.
ANCIENT CHINESE CIVILIZATION
Ancient Chinese developed the _____________, a sophisticated timekeeping system devised by ___________. This calendar, structured around a 12- year cycle corresponding to animal zodiacs, remains a cornerstone of traditional Chinese culture.
Lunar Calendar, Emperor Huangdi
Their adeptness in astronomy was exemplified by their meticulous observations, including the recording of a “___________,” later identified as a _____________ explosion forming the __________ within the constellation ___________.
guest star, supernova, Crab Nebula, Taurus.
The Chinese are credited with the invention of the ____________, an intricate system deeply embedded in cultural beliefs. They also pioneered groundbreaking technologies such as __________, _______, _________, and _________, all of which have had a transformative impact on global scientific and societal progress.
Chinese Zodiac, gunpowder, paper, printing machines, the compass
The _____________, one of the world’s oldest urban cultures, flourished around 3300-1300 BCE in present-day ____________ and ___________.
Indus Valley Civilization, Pakistan, northwest India.
One of their key achievements was __________. Indus cities like _________ and __________ featured advanced drainage systems, with intricately laid-out streets and well-designed buildings, showcasing their expertise in city infrastructure. Their remarkable grasp of engineering is evident through the construction of sturdy brick buildings, some even multi-storied, displaying an understanding of architectural stability.
urban planning, Mohenjo-daro, Harappa
They displayed sophisticated
knowledge in metallurgy, evident from their craftsmanship in bronze, copper, and tin. Archaeological findings suggest that they had an understanding of various metal alloys and their applications.
Indus Valley people/ INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
their advancements in agriculture, including the use of advanced irrigation techniques, contributed significantly to food production. Their agricultural surplus likely supported the growth of urban centers, enabling the civilization to thrive.
Indus Valley people/ INDUS VALLEY CIVILIZATION
Though not part of the Indus Valley Civilization, it is important to note about the significant contributions of ______ to Mathematics. The ___________, which includes the digits O to 9 and the decimal place value system, originated in ancient India.
Indians, Hindu-Arabic numeral system
The concept of zero as a placeholder and its integration into a positional numeral system were key innovations. These numerical concepts were later transmitted to the Arab scholars during the Islamic Golden Age, from approximately the 8th to the 14th centuries. ______________ further developed and refined the system and then introduced it to Europe, where it gradually replaced the Roman numeral system. becoming the standard numerical system used worldwide today
Arab mathematicians
One of the key innovations of this era was the widespread use of iron. The development of iron tools and weapons revolutionized agriculture, construction, and warfare.
IRON AGE
witnessed remarkable progress in agricultural technology. Advancements such as the iron plowshare and improved irrigation systems boosted agricultural productivity, leading to surplus food production. This surplus supported larger populations, enabling the growth of towns and cities.
IRON AGE
developments in pottery and textile production improved storage methods and made textiles more readily available, contributing to trade and cultural exchange
IRON AGE
The term Mesoamerica comes from the Greek word _______ meaning “__________.” This period is characterized by the following civilizations:
mesos: in the middle
Olmecs
Mayans
Aztecs
- The top of the society are pnests and nobles who lived in ceremonial centers
OLMECS
3 Ages in Ancient Period
Stone Age
Bronze age
Iron Age
Bronze Age has 4 civilization
Mesopotamian Civilization
Egyptian Civilization
Ancient Chinese Civilization
Indus Valley Civilization
- Normal people lived in farming villages around the elites.
OLMECS
- Carved colossal heads from volcanic rocks asportraits of rulers.
OLMECS
- Invented calendar and carved hieroglyphic writing into stone.
OLMECS
- The mother culture of Mesoamerica.
OLMECS
- Developed methods of farming such as shifting agriculture and raised bed farming
MAYANS
- Organized into city-state without political unity but bounded economy.
MAYANS
- Developed numbering system 1nclud1ng place value and the concept or zero
MAYANS
- Developed hieroglyphic form of writing that were used for recording astronomicaI observations, rituals
and religious matter but was burnt
during the invasion of Spanish
conquerors.
MAYANS
- Developed a solar calendar with 365 days and ritual calendar with 260 days.
MAYANS
- Built __________ or “floating gardens· to plant crops.
AZTECS, chinampas
Built empire which has a ruler with his council consisting of nobles, priest, and military leaders.
AZTECS
- Developed a calendar with 365 days and a ritual calendar with 260 days.
AZTECS
- Believed that illness is a punishment from the gods but still uses herbs and medicine for treatment.
AZTECS
The term “___” often implies a lack of intellectual and cultural advancement during this time.
Dark Ages/ MEDIEVAL PERIOD
the primary concerns were often centered around maintaining peace and building empires, leaving little room for the nurturing of centers for learning. It was only in the later stages of the medieval era that a concerted effort was made to emphasize philosophy and science.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
Innovations like the invention of the printing press revolutionized communication and knowledge dissemination.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
people started to use windmills and watermills.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
_________ were primarily used for grinding grains such as wheat and com, producing flour that was a staple of medieval diets. The energy from the wind was used to turn large grinding stones, which crushed the grains into usable flour. ______________, similarly, utilized the energy from flowing water to turn waterwheels. These waterwheels were connected to various mechanical devices like mills, hammers, and saws.
Windmill, Watermills/ MEDIEVAL PERIOD
_____________, a marvel of engineering, allowed for more precise timekeeping, shaping the way societies organized their daily lives.
Mechanical clocks/ MEDIEVAL PERIOD
the introduction of the three-field crop rotation system in agriculture revitalized soil fertility and crop yields, contributing to sustainable farming practices.
MEDIEVAL PERIOD
The Renaissance often referred to as the “_________” was more than just a historical period; it wa a transformative intellectual and cultural movement.
The Rebirth
Algebra, geometry, applied mathematics, and calculus experienced significant developments or were entirely born during the Renaissance, laying the foundation for modem mathematics as we understand it today.
RENAISSANCE PERIOD
_________, in particular, played a crucial role in reshaping mathematical thinking. This transformation was made possible by the widespread adoption of Hindu-Arabic numerals, a numeric system developed by Indians between the 6th and 7th centuries.
Algebra/ THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD
this knowledge diffusion to Europe happened much later, primarily through the writings of Middle Eastern mathematicians like ____________ AND __________around the 12th century. The delay in knowledge dissemination was due to the absence of mass production of books; texts and knowledge were painstakingly copied by hand, leading to a slower spread of information.
al-Khwarizmi and al-Kindi
____________, the revolutionary idea that the Earth and other planets orbit the Sun, challenged the __________ of the universe, reshaping our understanding of cosmology.
Heliocentrism, geocentric views
the invention and refinement of optical instruments like the microscope and telescope significantly expanded human vision. These tools allowed scientists to explore the intricate details of the microcosm and observe celestial bodies with unprecedented clarity.
THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD
the formulation of the Laws of Motion, a fundamental concept in physics, provided a systematic understanding of how objects move and interact, paving the way for modern physics and our comprehension of the natural world.
THE RENAISSANCE PERIOD
Before exploring the remarkable scientific and technological strides made during the Middle East revolution, it is essential to understand the foundational principles of Islam encapsulated in the Five Pillars. These core tenets, including :
faith, prayer, charity, fasting pilgrimage
Among its greatest contributors was _______, whose intellectual legacy reverberates through history. _________ played a pivotal role in introducing Hindu-Arabic numerals to Europe, a numerical system that fundamentally transformed mathematics by making complex calculations more accessible.
Al-Khwarizmi
Father of Algebra
Al-Khwarizmi
the ______________ witnessed significant strides in alchemy, an early precursor to modem chemistry. __________________, celebrated as the father of Alchemy, made pioneering advancements m the field.
Middle East revolution, Musa Jabir lbn Hayyan
bore witness to a profound intellectual transformation.
Age of Enlightenment
Writers and thinkers of this period boldly questioned deeply entrenched beliefs, challenging the authority of kings and the Church.
Age of Enlightenment
A core concept that emerged during this time was the idea that every individual possessed equal value and inalienable rights, laying the groundwork for modem notions of equality and human rights.
Age of Enlightenment
___________ stands as a hallmark of this age, representing a seismic shift in cosmological understanding. Rejecting the geocentrism proposed by _______, ________________introduced the revolutionary concept of heliocentrism, positing that the sun was the center of the universe. Despite earlier contemplations of this idea by figures like _______. it was Copernicus who courageously challenged the established order, paving the way for modem astronomy
Copernican Revolution, Ptolemy, Nicolaus Copernicus, Aristarchus
spearheaded by Charles Darwin, brought forth groundbreaking theories of evolution and natural selection. Darwin’s seminal work., “_______________,” introduced the world to the intricate mechanisms of natural selection and the concept of survival of the fittest, fundamentally altering our understanding of the origins and development of life on Earth.
Darwinian Revolution, On the Origin of Species
______________________ contributed to this transformative period with his theories on the inheritance of acquired characteristics, further enriching the discourse on evolution.
Jean Baptiste Lamarck
Freudian Revolution was led by _____________ delved into the complexities of human psychology. Freuds’s exploration of the human psyche led to the delineation of the id ego and superego
Sigmund Freud
The____ representing primal urges and desires, the _____ functioning as the conscious decision making part of personality, and the _________, operating on moral principles, collectively formed Freud’s groundbreaking theory of the human mind.
id, ego, superego
The Industrial Revolution, a pivotal period in history, originated in ___________ and rapidly spread across Europe and eventually the globe.
Great Britain
Key among the.se innovation was the development of steam engines, Which revolutionized both industries and transportation. These engines powered factories and locomotives, drasticallyy increasing production capacities and facilitating the movement of goods and people on an unprecedented scale.
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
Alongside steam power, inventions like the light bulb illuminated the night, transforming darkness into productivity and extending human activity well into the evenings. The telephone, another remarkable creation, altered communication forever, bridging vast distances and connecting people in ways previously unimaginable,
INDUSTRIAL REVOLUTION
In terms of medicinal advancements, indigenous knowledge led to the discovery of __________, known as aspirin, which was used for pain relief, and ___________ made from kaolin, proved effective in treating diarrhea. Additionally, ___________, also known as reserpine, was employed to address hypertension and snakebite, showcasing the depth of African herbal medicine.
Salix capensis: aspirin: pain relief
Kaopectate: kaolin: diarrhea
Rauwolfia vomitoria: reserpine: hypertension and snakebite,
AFRRICAN REVOLUTION
They conducted surgeries, stitching wounds, setting broken bones, and amputating diseased limbs. Despite their expertise, they also recognized the limitations of their methods, understanding that certain injuries were beyond their ability to fully heal.
AFRICAN REVOLUTION
Dentistry included the installation of false teeth and filling dental cavities, revealing a sophisticated understanding of oral healthcare. .
AFRICAN REVOLUTION
One of the most significant contributions came in the form vaccination.
The term “vaccination” finds its roots in the Latin word ______meaning cow. _____________, a physician, is credited with the concept of vaccination, having cured smallpox by using cowpox.
vacca , Edward Jenner
A forgotten hero In the history of vaccination is __________, whose knowledge of a practice known smallpox inoculation, or variolation, proved invaluable in early attempts to combat this deadly disease.
Onesimus
marked a period of profound transformation, witnessing the rise of modern industry that reshaped the world from agriculture to technology-intensive services.
19th century
This era, based on the ___________ and spanning from 1801 to 1900, saw the birth of an industrial landscape characterized by the relentless production of new products.
Gregorian calendar
______________ published his groundbreaklng atomic theory, laying the foundation for our understanding of matter. ___________ formulation of the Periodic Table in the mid-19th century provided a systematic arrangement of elements, revolutionizing the field of chemistry. _________________, in 1847, established the law of the Conservation of Energy, a fundamental principle in physics, and later invented the ophthalmoscope in 1851, advancing medical diagnostics
John Dalton: atomic theory
Dmitri Mendeleev’s: Periodic table
Hermann von Helmholtz,: Law of conservation of Energy, principle in physics, opthalmoscope
___________________’s revelation that light is an
electromagnetic wave in 1873, later substantiated by _____________ in 1888, significantly contributed to our comprehension of electromagnetic phenomena. Scientific exploration also led to the discovery of radioactivity by ___________ in 1896 and the subsequent discovery of radium by __________ in 1898, marking pivotal moments in the understanding of nuclear physics. Additionally, ____________ discovery of the electron in 1897 provided crucial insights into the subatomic world, reshaping the landscape of physics and setting the stage for further scientific breakthroughs in the coming centuries.
James Clerk Maxwell: electromagnetic wave
Heinrich Hertz
Henri Becquerel: Radioactivity
Marie and Pierre Curie: radium
Joseph Thomson’s: electron
Rapid advancements were propelled by sc1ent1fic methods and substantial research funding, transforming the wortd’s communication and transportation systems.
20th century
Breakthroughs like electronic computing, jet engines, and the advent of radio and telephony marked this period, shaping global connectivity and accessibility, a trend that escalated with the affordability of mobile phones in the 2000s.
20th century
AI
1940s
Key innovations like personal computers, pioneered by ______ in 1971, reshaped dally life. The Introduction of ________ In 1976 by ____________________ redefined computing, coinciding with the creation of the ________ In 1969, facilitating global communication, information gathering, and business transactions through the _____________ established In 1989.
Intel : 1971
Apple: 1976 by Steve Jobs and Steve Wozniak
Internet: 1969
WWB: 1989
Another revolutionary advancement was the mass production of ____________, led by __________ in 1908.
automobile: Henry Ford 1908
