Chapter 6: 3.3 - Crystals

Question 1

• microscopic yellow brown granules
• pink upon refrigeration
• may occur in clumps resembling granular cast

Answer 1

amorphous urates

Question 2

-urate salts of sodium, potassium, magnessium and calssium in noncrystalline amorphous form

Answer 2

amorphous urates

Question 3

• has the greatest variety of shapes (rhombic, whetstone, rosette, wedge shaped)
• colorles, yellow, brown or red-brown, square, diamond

Answer 3

Uric acid

Question 4

• in large numbers, may be assoc. with gout. (accompanied by increased serum level)
• Lesch-Nyhan syndrome & leukemia patient receving chemotherapy

Answer 4

uric acid

Question 5

pathologic only when seen in freshly voided urine

Answer 5

uric acid

Question 6

- appears as envelope (dihydrate)
or dumbell (monohydrate)

dihydrate - most common form

Answer 6

calcium oxalate

Question 7

• may be assoc. w/ stone formation

- composes majority of renal calculi

Answer 7

calcium oxalate

Question 8

monohydrate is seen in cases of ethylene glycol poisoning (pathologic)

Answer 8

calcium oxalate

Question 9

• derived from foods such as tomatoes, spinach, rhubarb, garlic, oranges, asparagus, large doses of ascorbic acid

Answer 9

calcium oxalate

Question 10

• seen in synofial fluid during episodes of gout but don’t appear in urine
• peacock- tail crystals

Answer 10

Sodium urates

less

Question 11

• long thing, colorless needles or prisms identical to calcium phosphate
• rarely seen, no clinical significance

Answer 11

calcium sulfates

less

Question 12

• 3 to 6 sided prisms w/ oblique ends

- coffin lid crystals

Answer 12

triple phosphate

Question 13

seen in higly alkaline urine assoc. with presence of urea splitting bacteria

Answer 13

tirple phospates

alkaline

Question 14

• maybe assoc. with urine stasis in kidney and bladder
• chronic urinary infection
• 10-20% of urinary calculi

Answer 14

triple phosphate

alkaline

Question 15

• yellow-brown/ golden
• thorny apples
• common constituent of renal calculi

Answer 15

calcium phophate

Question 16

-maybe assoc with inorganic calculi formation

Answer 16

calcium carbonate

Question 17

• hexagonal plates
• laminated appearance

-metabolic disorder, form renal calculi, kidney damage

Answer 17

cystine

Question 18

• assoc with conditions producing lipiduria ex:____

- seen in conjunction ___

Answer 18

lipiduria - nephrotic syndrome

fatty casts and oval fat bodies

Question 19

• stair edge appearance

- rectangular plate with notch in one or more corners

Answer 19

cholesterol

Question 20

• simillar to cholesterol crystals, differentiated by comparison of other urinalysis results and patient history.
• some are like needles or elongated rectangles

Answer 20

readiographic dye

Question 21

-most frequently encountered; needles, rhomic, whetstone sheaves of wheat, rossettes

• colorless to yellow brown
  (abnormal)

Answer 21

sulfonamide

Question 22

clinical significance: tubular damage

- hidgh does of drugs with inadequate hydration

Answer 22

sulfonamide, sulfonamid drugs

Question 23

confirmatory test for sulfonamide

Answer 23

legnin test

Question 24

• usually seen w/ leucine crystals
• positive bilirubin in persons with severe liver disease
• yellow needles
• inherited: doisroder of amino acid metabolism

Answer 24

tyrosine

Question 25

• grapefruit section
• oily
• maltese cross “crushed diamonds”
• when found, should be accompanied by tyrosine crystals

Answer 25

leucine

Question 26

sour or rancid odor

Answer 26

tyrosinuria

Question 27

• yellow fine/clumped needles
• present in hepatic disorders
• can be found in matrix of casts

Answer 27

bilirubin