Chapter 6 Flashcards
anti-
against
carcin/o
cancerous
immun/o
immune, protection, safe
lymph/o
lymph, lymphatic tissue
lymphaden/o
lymph node or gland
neo-, ne/o
tumor, neoplasm
onc/o
tumor
phag/o
eat, swallow
-plasm
formative material of cells
sarc/o
flesh, connective tissue
splen/o
spleen
-tic
pertaining to
tox/o
poison, poisonous
lymphangi/o
lymph vessel
-oma
tumor, neoplasm
specialized structures of the lymphatic system that absorb those fats that cannot be transported by the bloodstream. These dietary fats are transformed in the cells of the______.
lacteals
plasma from arterial blood that flows out to the arterioles and into the capillaries, and then flows into the spaces between the cells of the tissues. delivers nutrients, oxygen, and hormones to the cells, ~90% of this fluid returns to bloodstream
interstitial fluid (intercellular or tissue fluid)
made up of the remaining 10% of the returning interstitial fluid. (A clear, watery fluid containing electrolytes and proteins.) Works in close cooperation with the immune system to protect the body
lymph
Blood circulates throughout the entire body in a loop pumped by the heart. Blood and circulatory system work closely together, and because these similarities. Does not have a pump-like organ so depends on the pumping motion of muscles to move the fluid, in only one direction. (Not readily visible because lypmh is clear fluid) Filtered by lymph nodes, located along lymphatic vessels.
lymphatic circulatory system
microscopic, blind-ended tubes located near the surface of the body with capillary walls that are only one cell in thickness.
lymphatic capillaries
located deeper within the tissues, and larger than the capillaries, which they flow from. Prevent backward flow of lymph
lymphatic vessels
collects lymph from the right side of the head and neck, the upper right quadrant of the body, and the right arm.
right lymphatic duct
the largest lymphatic vessel in the body, collects lymph from the left side of the head and neck, the upper left quadrant of the trunk, the left arm, the entire lower portion of the trunk, and both legs.
thoracic duct
small, bean-shaped, contains specialized lymphocytes that are capable of destroying pathogens. (Filters)
lymph nodes
____located along the sides of the neck (neck/pertaining to)
____located under the arms in the area known as the armpits (armpit/pertaining to)
____located in the inguinal(groin) area of the lower abdomen (groin/pertaining to)
(major group of lymph node named for location)
cervical lymph nodes; axillary lymph nodes; inguinal lymph nodes
leukocytes that are formed in bone marrow as stem cells. defend the body against antigens (substances that the body regards as being foreign)
lymphocytes
any substance the body regards the foregin
antigen
play an important role in the killing of cancer cells and cells infected by viruses
natural killer cells
specialized lymphocytes that produce antibodies.
B cells
_____develop from b cells and secrete a large volume of antibodies coded to destroy specific antigens; ____named for origin in thymus; these lymphocytes play an important role in cell-mediated therapy; ___a group of proteins such as interferons and interleukins released primarily by the T cells. These cells act as intracellular signals to begin the immune response; ___produced in response to the presence of antigens, particularly viruses of tumor cells.
plasma cells; T cells; cytokines; interferons
three masses of lymphoid tissue that form a protective ring around the back of the nose and upper throat. Prevent pathogens from entering the respiratory system when breathing through the nose and mouth.
tonsils
located in the nasopharynx, which is the upper part of the pharynx (mass of lmyphoid tissue)
adenoids
located on the left and right sides of the throat in the area visible at the back of the mouth
palatine tonsils
located at the base of the tongue, not readily visible.
lingual tonsils
a mass of lymphoid tissue located above the heart, reaches its greatest size at puberty and becomes smaller with age. part of the endocrine system, secretes a hormone that stimulates the maturation of lymphocytes into t cells
thymus
hangs from the lower portion of the cecum, which is the first section of the large intestine. Purpose unknown for many years, may play an important role in immune system.
vermiform appendix
a sac-like mass of lymphoid tissue located in the upper left quadrant of the abdomen, just inferior to the diaphragm and posterior to the stomach. filters microorganisms and other foreign material from the blood. Forms lymphocytes and monocytes (specialized WBCs) (hemolytic=destroys worn out RBCs and stores extra RBCs)
spleen
_____are disease producing microorganisms; ____are substances that produce allergic reactions; ____are poisonous or harmful substances; ____are potentially life-threatening cancer cells
pathogens; allergens; toxins; malignant cells
wraps the body in a physical barrier to prevent invading organisms from entering; covered with acid mantle that makes an inhospitable environment for most bacteria
intact skin
traps breathed-in foreign matter with nose hairs and moist mucous membrane lining of the_____. Uses coughing and sneezing to help expel foreign matters that get past the initial barriers.
respiratory system
uses the acids and enzymes produced by the stomach to destroy invaders that are swallowed or consumed with food
digestive system
specialized leukocytes(WBCs) work together in specific ways to attack and destroy pathogens that have succeeded in entering the body.
lymphatic system
involves binding antigens to antibodies. This reaction labels a potentially dangerous antigen so it can be recognized and destroyed by other cells of the immune system. Immediately responds to the presence of any antigen.
antigen-antibody reaction
refers to an acquired unresponsiveness to a specific antigen. Also used to describe a decline in the effective response to a drug, usually due to repeated use
tolerance
a disease-fighting protein created by the immune system in response to the presence of a specific antigen
antibody
_____bind with specific antigens in the antigen-antibody response. The five primary types secreted by plasma cells, are also known as antibodies; ____leukocytes that provide immunological defenses against many infectious organisms. ___specialized leukocytes that act as part of the a-a reaction by destroying substances such as cell debris, dust, pollen and pathogens by process of phagocytosis(eat or swallow/cell)
____a type of leukocyte that surrounds and kills invading cells
____specialized leukocytes that patrol the body searching for antigens that produce infections
immunoglobulins; monocytes; phagocytes; macrophage; dendritic cells
a group of proteins that normally circulate in the blood in an inactive form. When needed, these cells complement the ability of antibodies to ward off pathogens by combining with them to dissolve and remove pathogenic bacteria and other foreign cells
the complement system
the state of being resistant to a specific disease. Can be present naturally, or it can be acquired
immunity
is resistance to a disease present without the administration of an antigen or exposure to a disease. Present at birth and can be augmented when breast milk passes from a nursing mother to her baby.
natural(passive) immunity
obtained by having a contagious disease
acquired immunity
provides protection against the disease, however, for some conditions a periodic booster is required
vaccination
specialist in diagnosing and treating conditions of altered immunologic reactivity, such as allergic reactions
allergist
specialist in diagnosing and treating diseases caused by microorganisms
infectious disease specialist
specialist in diagnosing and treating disorders of the immune system
immunologist
specialist in diagnosing and treating disorder of the lymphatic system
lymphologist
specialist in diagnosing and treating malignant disorders, such as tumors and cancer
oncologist
inflammation of the lymph nodes
lymphadenitis (swollen glands)
benign tumor formed by an abnormal collection of lymphatic vessels
lymphangioma
abnormal enlargement of the spleen
splenomegaly
____any disease process affecting a lymph node or nodes; ___a medical emergency that occurs when the covering of the spleen is torn, usually as the result of a blow to the abdomen; ___a diagnostic test that is performed to detect damage or malformations of the lymphatic vessels, a radioactive substance injected into lymph ducts a scanner or probe follows the movement of the substance
lymphadenopathy; ruptured spleen; lymphoscintigraphy
swelling of the tissues due to an abnormal accumulation of lymph fluid within the tissues
lymphedema
hereditary condition, develops with swelling beginning in the feet and progressing into the ankles and in an upward direction along the legs
primary lymphedema
caused by damage to lymphatic vessels, most frequently due to cancer treatment, surgery, trauma, or burns
secondary lymphedema
occurs when the body’s immune system reacts to a harmless allergen such as pollen, food, or animal dander as if it were a dangerous invader
allergic reaction
an overreaction by the body to a particular antigen
allergy
a substance that produces an allergic reaction in an individual
allergen
cellular response, includes redness, itching, and burning where the skin has come into contact with an allergen. (ex. poison ivy)
localized allergic response
anaphylaxis or anaphylactic shock, severe response to an allergen
systemic reaction
medications administered to relieve or prevent the symptoms of allergy to wind-borne pollens and other types of allergies. Relieve or prevent allergy symptoms.
antihistamines
any large group of diseases characterized by a condition in which the immune system produces antibodies against its own tissues, mistaking healthy cells, tissues, or organs for antigens. (abnormal functioning of the immune system, appears to be genetically transmitted) (3% of Americans have this, women affect 2.7 times more often than men, affects most body systems)
autoimmune disorder
occurs when the immune response is compromised
immunodeficiency disorder
an inherited condition in which abnormalities in the immune system cause an increased susceptibility to infection and failure to thrive as a result of infections
severe combined immunodeficiency (SCID)
a blood-borne infection in which the virus damages or kills the T cells of the immune system, causing it to progressively fail, thus leaving the body at risk of developing many life-threatening opportunistic infections.
human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)
caused by a pathogen that does not normally produce an illness in healthy humans.
opportunistic infection
opportunistic infection associated with HIV; cancer
Kaposi’s sarcoma
advanced and fatal stage of HIV
acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
a disease treatment that involves either stimulating or repressing the immune response (immune/treatment)
Treat cancer by stimulating immune response to fight the malignancy; treat allergies by repressing body’s sensitivity to an allergen
immunotherapy (biological therapy)
used as a post-exposure preventive measure against certain viruses, including rabies and some types of hepatitis
synthetic immunoglobulins (immune serum)
antibodies produced in the laboratory by identical offspring of a clone of specific cells. Used to enhance a patient’s immune response to certain malignancies, including non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma, melanoma, breast cancer, and colon cancer
monoclonal antibodies
no cure HIV, a treatment regimen, more than one drug taken in combination.
Pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP): daily preventative drug for people at high risk
Pose-exposure prophylaxis (PEP): for people with suspected or confirmed HIV exposure
antiretroviral therapy (ART)
substance that prevents or reduces the body’s normal immune response. Administered to prevent rejection of donor tissue and to depress autoimmune disorders
immunosuppressant
synthetic hormone that closely resembles the cortisol secreted by the adrenal glands
corticosteroid drug
medication that kills or damages cells, used as immunosuppressants or as antineplastics
cytotoxic drug
microorganism that causes disease in humans
pathogens
one-celled microscopic organisms. Most are not harmful to humans
bacteria
rod-shaped, spore-forming bacteria
bacilli
a contagious disease that can be transmitted through livestock infected. Spores grown in laboratories have been used in biological warfare
anthrax
a small bacterium that lives in lice, fleas, ticks, and mites
rickettsia
long, slender, spiral-shaped bacteria that have flexible walls and are capable of movement
spirochetes
a group of about 30 species of bacteria that form irregular groups or clusters resembling grapes (clusters of grapes/spherical bacteria). (Most are harmless and reside normally on the skin and mucous membranes of humans and other organisms; others are capable of producing very serious infections
staphylococci
bacteria that form a chain (twisted chin/spherical bacteria) many species harmless, other responsible for serious illnesses
streptococci
occur when antibodies fail to kill all the bacteria they target. Surviving bacteria become resistant to this particular drug. Originally nosocomial (hospital or clinic acquired) Now increasingly common in the general population
antibiotic-resistant bacteria
one of several types of bacteria that are now resistant to most antibodies (infections serious, difficult to treat, can be fatal) often occur repeatedly as breaks in the skin allow the bacteria entry
methicillin-resistant staphylococcus aureus
simple parasitic organism (Tinea pedis=athlete’s foot) this type of infection
fungus
type of fungus
yeast
yeast infection on the skin or mucous membranes in warm, moist areas (oral or vaginal are examples)
candidiasis
a plant or animal that lives on or within another living organism at the expense of that organism
parasite
caused by a parasite that lives in certain mosquitoes and is transferred to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito.
malaria
caused by a parasite; most commonly transmitted by contaminated animal feces
toxoplasmosis
very small infectious agents that live only by invading other cells. Invade a cell, reproduce, break the wall of the cell, release newly formed____. Spread to other cells to repeat process.
viruses
a highly contagious viral infection caused by the SARS-CoV-2 virus. Spreads viz droplet, airborne, a nd contact transmission.
COVID-19
a viral infection characterized by a low-grade fever, swollen glands, inflamed eyes, and a fine, pink rash. Although not usually severe or long-lasting, is serious in a woman during early pregnancy because it can cause defects in a developing fetus
rubella
an acute viral infection that is transmitted to human through the bite or saliva of an infected animal
rabies
____a rare and generally fatal disease transmitted by contact with any bodily fluids infected with the virus; _____a highly contagious viral respiratory infection that usually occurs in seasonal epidemics; ____an acute, highly contagious infection that is transmitted by respiratory droplets of the virus; ____an acute viral infection that is characterized by the swelling of the parotid glands, which are salivary glands located just in front of the ears;
ebola; influenza; measles; mumps
____spread to humans by bite of an infected mosquito. A mild form of this condition has flu-like symptoms; _____spread to humans by the bite of an infected mosquito, by a woman to her fetus, or through sexual intercourse.
West Nile Virus; Zika Virus
(group of viruses that cause a variety of diseases in humans) found in most bodily fluids (cell/large/virus)
cytomegalovirus (CMV)
caused by the herpes virus and is highly contagious. (Condition is characterized by a fever and a rash consisting of hundred of itchy, fluid-filled blisters that burst and form crusts
varicella (chicken pox)
an acute viral infection characterized by painful skin eruptions that follow the underlying route of an inflamed nerve. occurs when the dormant varicella (chickenpox) virus is reactivated later in life
herpes zoster
medications capable of inhibiting growth or killing pathogenic bacterial microorganisms
antibiotics
causes the death of bacteria
bactericide
slows or stops the growth of bacteria
bacteriostatic
destroys or inhibits the growth of fungi
antifungal
treats viral infections or provides temporary immunity
antiviral drug
an abnormal growth of body tissue. Within this mass, the multiplication of cells is uncontrolled, abnormal, rapid, and progressive
tumor/neoplasm (strange/formation)
not a form of cancer and not life-threatening can cause damage as it grows and places pressure on adjacent structures
benign (tumor)
means becoming progressively worse and life-threatening; capable of spreading to distant body sites.
malignant (tumor)
an example of a benign tumor made up of muscle tissue (muscle/tumor)
myoma
an example of a malignant tumor derived from muscle tissue (muscle/flesh/tumor)
myosarcoma
the process through which a tumor supports its growth by creating its own blood supply (vessel/reproduction)
angiogenesis
a form of treatment that disrupts the blood supply to the tumor (against/vessel/reproduction)
antiangiogenesis
a class of diseases characterized by uncontrolled division of cells and the ability to invade other tissues through distinct growth into adjacent tissue or by spreading into distant sites by metastasizing
cancer
spread from one place to another. The most common sites of these are the bones, liver, and lungs
metastasize
process by which cancer is spread to a new site, also used to describe the tumor itself
metastasis
a malignant tumor that occurs in epithelial tissue(covering for all internal and external surfaces of the body) (cancer/tumor) Tend to infiltrate and produce metastases that can affect any organ or part of the body
carcinomas
a malignant tumor in its original position that has not yet disturbed or invaded the surrounding tissues (the place where cancer first occurred)
carcinoma in situ
any one large group of carcinomas derived from glandular tissue (gland/cancer/tumor)
adenocarcinoma
a malignant tumor that arises from connective tissues, including hard and, more commonly, soft tissues (flesh/tumor)
sarcoma
arise from bone or cartilage, a hard-tissue sarcoma that usually involves the upper shaft of the long bones, pelvis, or knee (bone/flesh/tumor)
osteosarcoma
process of classifying tumors by how far the disease has progressed, potential for its responding to therapy (indicated by letter, numbers, or roman numerals)
staging
a general term applied to malignancies affecting lymphoid tissues
lymphoma
cancer of the immune system distinguished by the presence of large, cancerous lymphocytes
Hodgkin’s lymphoma (HL)
more common type, refers to all lymphomas other than Hodgkin’s lymphoma, all originate in the lymphocytes
non-hodgkin’s lymphoma (NHL)
a carcinoma that develops from the cells of the breast and can spread to adjacent lymph nodes and other body sites. Majority are ER-positive: grow in response to the hormone estrogen
breast cancer
breast cancer at its earliest stage before the abnormal cells have brown through the wall of the milk ducts
dual carcinoma in situ
starts in the milk duct and invades the fatty breast tissue outside the duct (most common form)
infiltrating ductal carcinoma
an x-ray examination of the breasts to detect the presence of tumors or precancerous cells
mammography
used for both immunosuppression and chemotherapy
cytotoxic drugs
radiation therapy administered at a distance from the body (distant/treatment)
teletherapy
