Chapter 4 Flashcards
bi-
twice, double, two
clon/o
violent action
dys-
bad, difficult, or painful
fasci/o
fascia, fibrous band
fibr/o
fibrous tissue, fiber
-ia
abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium
-ic
pertaining to
kines/o, kinesi/o
movement
-lysis
to set free, break down
my/o
muscle
-plegia
paralysis, stroke
tax/o
coordination, order
ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o
tendon, stretch out, extend, strain
ton/o
tone, stretching, tension
tri-
three
the long, slender cells that make up muscles
muscle fibers
a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or group of muscles
fascia
pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia
myofascial
a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone
tendon
attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible
skeletal muscles
located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands
smooth muscles
form the muscular walls of the heart
myocardial muscles
the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve
innervation
pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle
neuromuscular
the tightening of a muscle
contraction
occurs when a muscle returns to its original form
relaxation
the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body
abduction
ab-
away from
duct
to lead
-ion
action
the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body
adduction
ad-
toward
decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint
flexion
flex
to bend
increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb
extension
ex-
away from
tens
to stretch out
the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit
hyperextension
the act or raising or lifting a body part
elevation
the act of lowering a body part
depression
a circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint
rotation
the circular movement at the far end of a limb
circumduction
the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward
supination
the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward
pronation
the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle
dorsiflexion
the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle
plantar flexion
where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton
origin
where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon
insertion
muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process
mastoid
a thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall
pectoralis major
toward the side
lateralis
toward the midline
medialis
slanted or at an angle
oblique
in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body
rectus
a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway
sphincter
in a crosswise direction
transverse
also known as the biceps, is formed from two divisions
biceps brachii
also known as the triceps, is formed from three divisions
triceps brachii
the largest muscle of the buttock
gluteus maximus
located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle (which is the greek letter delta)
deltoid muscle
located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles; the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles
hamstring group
muscle is in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows
frontalis
muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth
temporalis
is one of the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing
masseter
makes up the bulk of the chest muscles in the male, or lies under the breast in the female
pectoralis major
found in the abdomen. flex and rotate the vertebral column. They also flex the torso and compress the abdomen.
external oblique
found in the abdomen. Flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help us breathe, and rotate the spine.
internal oblique muscles
helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine
rectus abdominis
located on the side of the abdomen. engaged when a person laughs or coughs
transverse abdominis
forms the muscular cap of the shoulders
deltoid
muscle moves the head and shoulder blade
trapezius
located in the anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow
biceps brachii
located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow
triceps brachii
extends the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip joint
rectus femoris
made up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee
quadriceps femoris
involved in knee flexion and hip extension
hamstring group
the calf muscle the flexes the knee and bands the foot downward (latin for stomach of the leg)
gastrocnemius
a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness
exercise physiologist
a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function
neurologist
helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work, or social interaction
occupational therapist
a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring disease, illness, or injury, of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner
physiatrist
provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
physical therapist
specializes in the prevention and treatment or injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles for athletes and other active individuals
sports medicine physician
inflammation of a fascia
fasciitis
a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a range of other symptoms
fibromyalgia
an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon
tenosynovitis
an acute inflammation or irritation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint
tendinitis
a chronic condition characterized by pain due to repetitive overuse or an injury that has not healed
a tendon repeatedly suffering small injuries that don’t heal properly
tendinosis
a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems. (debilitating and chronic disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.
chronic fatigue syndrome
a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.
adhesion
weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures
atrophy
a condition of physically wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS
cachexia
occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it.
hernia
the most common type of hernia
inguinal hernia
tenderness or pain in the muscles
myalgia
a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body
polymyositis
a serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury; muscle fibers in the bloodstream
rhabdomyolysis
rhabdomy/o
striated muscle
-lysis
breakdown
the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging
sarcopenia
sarc/o
flesh
-penia
deficiency
the state of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible
muscle tone
lacking normal muscle tone or strength
atonic
a movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles
dystonia
a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles
hypotonia
-ia
condition
the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement
ataxia
the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues
contracture
pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest
intermittent claudication
any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or move muscles
spasm
the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles
myoclonus
myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm
singultus
a painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause
cramp
a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side
torticollis
extreme slowness in movement
bradykinesia
brady-
slow
the distortion of impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions
dyskinesia
abnormally increased muscle function or activity
hyperkinesia
a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction (where the neuron activates the muscle to contract) and produces weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, especially in the eye, face and throat.
myasthenia gravis
this general term describes a group of more than 30 generic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system
muscular dystrophy
a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports
repetitive stress disorders
involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the______, an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles in the arm or leg
compartment syndrome
minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal
overuse injuries
an inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint
overuse tendinitis
which are usually overuse injuries, are discussed in chapter 3
stress fractures
the painful and progressive restriction of movement caused by an inflammation of a tendon’s synovial sheath (too thick or inflamed, is stuck typically A1)
trigger finger
a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body
myofascial pain syndrome
the general term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any joint
tendinopathy
occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint
impingement syndrome
can occur as the irritated tendon weakens, or as the result of a fall or injury
rotator cuff tear
symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel into the hand are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen
carpal tunnel syndrome
the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to reduce the pressure on the median nerve
carpal tunnel release
a benign, fluid-filled lump that usually occurs on the outer surface of the wrist or hand, sometimes as a result of a past injury
ganglion cyst
inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow
epicondylitis
a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus bone, causing pain
heel spur
an inflammation of the planter fascia on the sole of the foot. this condition causes foot or heel pain when walking or running
plantar fasciitis
a condition in which pain on the ball of the foot is caused by a swollen, inflamed nerve, usually between the third and fourth toes
Morton’s neuroma
occurs when the tendon supporting the foot’s arch weakens
posterior tibial tendon dysfunction
an injury to a joint, such as the ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn
sprain
an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon
strain
a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia
shin splint
a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee
hamstring injury
a painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon
achilles tendinitis
an overuse injury causing pain, usually just above the knee joint
iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS)
determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury, causes paralysis
spinal cord injury
the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply
paralysis
a weakness or slight muscular paralysis
myoparesis
a weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body
hemiparesis
total paralysis affecting one side of the body
hemiplegia
-plegia
paralysis
the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body
paraplegia
paralysis of all four extremities
quadriplegia
tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon
deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)
a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength
range-of-motion testing
a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation
electromyography (EMG)
involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination
muscle biopsy
administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder
antispasmodic
a corticosteroid drug injected to relieve pain and inflammation in a specific joint
cortisone
administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries
muscle relaxant
cause temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission or nerve stimuli to the muscles.
neuromuscular-blocking drugs
a treatment in which some or the patient’s own blood is separated to create a concentrated platelet-rich plasma
platelet-rich plasma therapy
uses direct injections of hyaluronic acid into the knee to increase the joint’s viscous fluid, providing temporary relief from arthritis pain
viscosupplementation
the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment
ergonomics
a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint (TMI) disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome
myofascial release
consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living (ADL).
occupational therapy
treatment to prevent disability to restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques
physical therpy
a physical therapy technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue
therapeutic ultrasound
uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles
transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation
the most common soft tissue injury treatment is known by the acronym___
Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation
a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure
fasciotomy
the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone
tenodesis
the release of a tendon from adhesions
tenolysis
the surgical cutting of a tendon to provide release or allow lengthening
tenotomy
the surgical suturing of a muscle
myorrhaphy
a surgical incision into a muscle
myotomy
