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Medical Terminology > Chapter 4 > Flashcards

Chapter 4 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

bi-

A

twice, double, two

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2
Q

clon/o

A

violent action

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3
Q

dys-

A

bad, difficult, or painful

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4
Q

fasci/o

A

fascia, fibrous band

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5
Q

fibr/o

A

fibrous tissue, fiber

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6
Q

-ia

A

abnormal condition, disease, plural of -ium

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7
Q

-ic

A

pertaining to

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8
Q

kines/o, kinesi/o

A

movement

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9
Q

-lysis

A

to set free, break down

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10
Q

my/o

A

muscle

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11
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis, stroke

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12
Q

tax/o

A

coordination, order

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13
Q

ten/o, tend/o, tendin/o

A

tendon, stretch out, extend, strain

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14
Q

ton/o

A

tone, stretching, tension

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15
Q

tri-

A

three

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16
Q

the long, slender cells that make up muscles

A

muscle fibers

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17
Q

a band of connective tissue that envelops, separates, or binds together muscles or group of muscles

A

fascia

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18
Q

pertaining to muscle tissue and fascia

A

myofascial

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19
Q

a narrow band of nonelastic, dense, fibrous connective tissue that attaches a muscle to a bone

A

tendon

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20
Q

attached to the bones of the skeleton and make body motions possible

A

skeletal muscles

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21
Q

located in the walls of internal organs such as the digestive tract, blood vessels, and ducts leading from glands

A

smooth muscles

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22
Q

form the muscular walls of the heart

A

myocardial muscles

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23
Q

the stimulation of a muscle by an impulse transmitted by a motor nerve

A

innervation

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24
Q

pertaining to the relationship between a nerve and muscle

A

neuromuscular

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25
Q

the tightening of a muscle

A

contraction

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26
Q

occurs when a muscle returns to its original form

A

relaxation

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27
Q

the movement of a limb away from the midline of the body

A

abduction

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28
Q

ab-

A

away from

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29
Q

duct

A

to lead

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30
Q

-ion

A

action

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31
Q

the movement of a limb toward the midline of the body

A

adduction

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32
Q

ad-

A

toward

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33
Q

decreasing the angle between two bones by bending a limb at a joint

A

flexion

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34
Q

flex

A

to bend

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35
Q

increasing the angle between two bones or the straightening out of a limb

A

extension

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36
Q

ex-

A

away from

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37
Q

tens

A

to stretch out

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38
Q

the extreme or overextension of a limb or body part beyond its normal limit

A

hyperextension

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39
Q

the act or raising or lifting a body part

A

elevation

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40
Q

the act of lowering a body part

A

depression

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41
Q

a circular movement around an axis such as the shoulder joint

A

rotation

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42
Q

the circular movement at the far end of a limb

A

circumduction

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43
Q

the act of rotating the arm or the leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned forward or upward

A

supination

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44
Q

the act of rotating the arm or leg so that the palm of the hand or sole of the foot is turned downward or backward

A

pronation

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45
Q

the movement that bends the foot upward at the ankle

A

dorsiflexion

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46
Q

the movement that bends the foot downward at the ankle

A

plantar flexion

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47
Q

where the muscle begins, and it is located nearest the midline of the body or on a less movable part of the skeleton

A

origin

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48
Q

where the muscle ends by attaching to a bone or tendon

A

insertion

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49
Q

muscle inserts at one point of insertion into the mastoid process

A

mastoid

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50
Q

a thick, fan-shaped muscle situated on the anterior chest wall

A

pectoralis major

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51
Q

toward the side

A

lateralis

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52
Q

toward the midline

A

medialis

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53
Q

slanted or at an angle

A

oblique

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54
Q

in straight alignment with the vertical axis of the body

A

rectus

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55
Q

a ring-like muscle that tightly constricts the opening of a passageway

A

sphincter

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56
Q

in a crosswise direction

A

transverse

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57
Q

also known as the biceps, is formed from two divisions

A

biceps brachii

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58
Q

also known as the triceps, is formed from three divisions

A

triceps brachii

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59
Q

the largest muscle of the buttock

A

gluteus maximus

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60
Q

located on the shoulder, is shaped like an inverted triangle (which is the greek letter delta)

A

deltoid muscle

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61
Q

located at the back of the upper leg, consists of three separate muscles; the biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus muscles

A

hamstring group

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62
Q

muscle is in the forehead. It raises and lowers the eyebrows

A

frontalis

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63
Q

muscle moves the lower jaw up and back to close the mouth

A

temporalis

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64
Q

is one of the strongest in the body, moves the lower jaw up to close the mouth when chewing

A

masseter

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65
Q

makes up the bulk of the chest muscles in the male, or lies under the breast in the female

A

pectoralis major

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66
Q

found in the abdomen. flex and rotate the vertebral column. They also flex the torso and compress the abdomen.

A

external oblique

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67
Q

found in the abdomen. Flex the spine, support the abdominal contents, help us breathe, and rotate the spine.

A

internal oblique muscles

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68
Q

helps flex the trunk, assists in breathing, and supports the spine

A

rectus abdominis

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69
Q

located on the side of the abdomen. engaged when a person laughs or coughs

A

transverse abdominis

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70
Q

forms the muscular cap of the shoulders

A

deltoid

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71
Q

muscle moves the head and shoulder blade

A

trapezius

72
Q

located in the anterior upper arm, flexes the elbow

A

biceps brachii

73
Q

located in the posterior upper arm, extends the elbow

A

triceps brachii

74
Q

extends the leg at the knee and flexes the thigh at the hip joint

A

rectus femoris

75
Q

made up of four muscles, including the vastus lateralis and vastus medialis, which flex and extend the leg at the knee

A

quadriceps femoris

76
Q

involved in knee flexion and hip extension

A

hamstring group

77
Q

the calf muscle the flexes the knee and bands the foot downward (latin for stomach of the leg)

A

gastrocnemius

78
Q

a specialist who works under the supervision of a physician to develop, implement, and coordinate exercise programs and administer medical tests to promote physical fitness

A

exercise physiologist

79
Q

a physician who specializes in treating the causes of paralysis and similar muscular disorders in which there is a loss of function

A

neurologist

80
Q

helps enable patients to participate in the activities of daily life, including self-care, education, work, or social interaction

A

occupational therapist

81
Q

a physician who specializes in physical medicine and rehabilitation with the focus on restoring disease, illness, or injury, of the ability to function in a normal or near-normal manner

A

physiatrist

82
Q

provides treatment to prevent disability or restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques

A

physical therapist

83
Q

specializes in the prevention and treatment or injuries of the bones, joints, and muscles for athletes and other active individuals

A

sports medicine physician

84
Q

inflammation of a fascia

A

fasciitis

85
Q

a debilitating chronic condition characterized by fatigue; diffuse or specific muscle, joint, or bone pain; and a range of other symptoms

A

fibromyalgia

86
Q

an inflammation of the sheath surrounding a tendon

A

tenosynovitis

87
Q

an acute inflammation or irritation of the tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of the joint

A

tendinitis

88
Q

a chronic condition characterized by pain due to repetitive overuse or an injury that has not healed
a tendon repeatedly suffering small injuries that don’t heal properly

A

tendinosis

89
Q

a disorder of unknown cause that affects many body systems. (debilitating and chronic disorder characterized by profound fatigue that is not improved by bed rest and may be made worse by physical or mental activity.

A

chronic fatigue syndrome

90
Q

a band of fibrous tissue that holds structures together abnormally.

A

adhesion

91
Q

weakness or wearing away of body tissues and structures

A

atrophy

92
Q

a condition of physically wasting away due to the loss of weight and muscle mass that occurs in patients with diseases such as advanced cancer or AIDS

A

cachexia

93
Q

occurs when tissue, such as part of an internal organ, protrudes through a weak area in the muscle normally containing it.

A

hernia

94
Q

the most common type of hernia

A

inguinal hernia

95
Q

tenderness or pain in the muscles

A

myalgia

96
Q

a muscle disease characterized by the simultaneous inflammation and weakening of voluntary muscles in many parts of the body

A

polymyositis

97
Q

a serious syndrome that can result from a direct or indirect muscle injury; muscle fibers in the bloodstream

A

rhabdomyolysis

98
Q

rhabdomy/o

A

striated muscle

99
Q

-lysis

A

breakdown

100
Q

the loss of muscle mass, strength, and function that come with aging

A

sarcopenia

101
Q

sarc/o

A

flesh

102
Q

-penia

A

deficiency

103
Q

the state of balanced muscle tension (contraction and relaxation) that makes normal posture, coordination, and movement possible

A

muscle tone

104
Q

lacking normal muscle tone or strength

A

atonic

105
Q

a movement disorder characterized by the involuntary and sometimes repetitive contraction of certain muscles

A

dystonia

106
Q

a condition in which there is diminished tone of the skeletal muscles

A

hypotonia

107
Q

-ia

A

condition

108
Q

the lack of muscle coordination during voluntary movement

A

ataxia

109
Q

the permanent tightening of fascia, muscles, tendons, ligaments, or skin that occurs when normally elastic connective tissues are replaced with nonelastic fibrous tissues

A

contracture

110
Q

pain in the leg muscles that occurs during exercise and is relieved by rest

A

intermittent claudication

111
Q

any sudden, involuntary contraction of one or move muscles

A

spasm

112
Q

the quick, involuntary jerking of a muscle or group of muscles

A

myoclonus

113
Q

myoclonus of the diaphragm that causes the characteristic hiccup sound with each spasm

A

singultus

114
Q

a painful localized muscle spasm often named for its cause

A

cramp

115
Q

a stiff neck due to spasmodic contraction of the neck muscles that pull the head toward the affected side

A

torticollis

116
Q

extreme slowness in movement

A

bradykinesia

117
Q

brady-

A

slow

118
Q

the distortion of impairment of voluntary movement resulting in fragmented or jerky motions

A

dyskinesia

119
Q

abnormally increased muscle function or activity

A

hyperkinesia

120
Q

a chronic autoimmune disease that affects the neuromuscular junction (where the neuron activates the muscle to contract) and produces weakness and rapid fatigue of voluntary muscles, especially in the eye, face and throat.

A

myasthenia gravis

121
Q

this general term describes a group of more than 30 generic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement, without affecting the nervous system

A

muscular dystrophy

122
Q

a variety of muscular conditions that result from repeated motions performed in the course of normal work, daily activities, or recreation such as sports

A

repetitive stress disorders

123
Q

involves the compression of nerves and blood vessels due to swelling within the______, an enclosed space created by the fascia that separates groups of muscles in the arm or leg

A

compartment syndrome

124
Q

minor tissue injuries that have not been given time to heal

A

overuse injuries

125
Q

an inflammation of tendons caused by excessive or unusual use of a joint

A

overuse tendinitis

126
Q

which are usually overuse injuries, are discussed in chapter 3

A

stress fractures

127
Q

the painful and progressive restriction of movement caused by an inflammation of a tendon’s synovial sheath (too thick or inflamed, is stuck typically A1)

A

trigger finger

128
Q

a chronic pain disorder that affects muscles and fascia throughout the body

A

myofascial pain syndrome

129
Q

the general term for irritation or degeneration of a tendon in any joint

A

tendinopathy

130
Q

occurs when inflamed and swollen tendons are caught in the narrow space between the bones within the shoulder joint

A

impingement syndrome

131
Q

can occur as the irritated tendon weakens, or as the result of a fall or injury

A

rotator cuff tear

132
Q

symptoms occur when the tendons that pass through the carpal tunnel into the hand are chronically overused and become inflamed and swollen

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

133
Q

the surgical enlargement of the carpal tunnel or cutting of the carpal ligament to reduce the pressure on the median nerve

A

carpal tunnel release

134
Q

a benign, fluid-filled lump that usually occurs on the outer surface of the wrist or hand, sometimes as a result of a past injury

A

ganglion cyst

135
Q

inflammation of the tissues surrounding the elbow

A

epicondylitis

136
Q

a calcium deposit in the plantar fascia near its attachment to the calcaneus bone, causing pain

A

heel spur

137
Q

an inflammation of the planter fascia on the sole of the foot. this condition causes foot or heel pain when walking or running

A

plantar fasciitis

138
Q

a condition in which pain on the ball of the foot is caused by a swollen, inflamed nerve, usually between the third and fourth toes

A

Morton’s neuroma

139
Q

occurs when the tendon supporting the foot’s arch weakens

A

posterior tibial tendon dysfunction

140
Q

an injury to a joint, such as the ankle, knee, or wrist, which usually occurs when a ligament is wrenched or torn

A

sprain

141
Q

an injury to the body of the muscle or to the attachment of a tendon

A

strain

142
Q

a painful condition caused by the tibialis anterior muscle tearing away from the tibia

A

shin splint

143
Q

a strain or tear on any of the three hamstring muscles that straighten the hip and bend the knee

A

hamstring injury

144
Q

a painful inflammation of the Achilles tendon caused by excessive stress being placed on that tendon

A

achilles tendinitis

145
Q

an overuse injury causing pain, usually just above the knee joint

A

iliotibial band syndrome (ITBS)

146
Q

determined by the level of the vertebra closest to the injury, causes paralysis

A

spinal cord injury

147
Q

the loss of sensation and voluntary muscle movements in a muscle through disease or injury to its nerve supply

A

paralysis

148
Q

a weakness or slight muscular paralysis

A

myoparesis

149
Q

a weakness or slight paralysis affecting one side of the body

A

hemiparesis

150
Q

total paralysis affecting one side of the body

A

hemiplegia

151
Q

-plegia

A

paralysis

152
Q

the paralysis of both legs and the lower part of the body

A

paraplegia

153
Q

paralysis of all four extremities

A

quadriplegia

154
Q

tested with a reflex hammer that is used to strike a tendon

A

deep tendon reflexes (DTRs)

155
Q

a diagnostic procedure to evaluate joint mobility and muscle strength

A

range-of-motion testing

156
Q

a diagnostic test that measures the electrical activity within muscle fibers in response to nerve stimulation

A

electromyography (EMG)

157
Q

involves removal of a plug of tissue for examination

A

muscle biopsy

158
Q

administered to suppress smooth muscle contractions of the stomach, intestine, or bladder

A

antispasmodic

159
Q

a corticosteroid drug injected to relieve pain and inflammation in a specific joint

A

cortisone

160
Q

administered to relax certain muscles and to relieve the stiffness, pain, and discomfort caused by strains, sprains, or other muscle injuries

A

muscle relaxant

161
Q

cause temporary paralysis by blocking the transmission or nerve stimuli to the muscles.

A

neuromuscular-blocking drugs

162
Q

a treatment in which some or the patient’s own blood is separated to create a concentrated platelet-rich plasma

A

platelet-rich plasma therapy

163
Q

uses direct injections of hyaluronic acid into the knee to increase the joint’s viscous fluid, providing temporary relief from arthritis pain

A

viscosupplementation

164
Q

the study of the human factors that affect the design and operation of tools and the work environment

A

ergonomics

165
Q

a specialized soft-tissue manipulation technique used to ease the pain of conditions such as fibromyalgia, myofascial pain syndrome, movement restrictions, temporomandibular joint (TMI) disorders, and carpal tunnel syndrome

A

myofascial release

166
Q

consists of activities to promote recovery and rehabilitation to assist patients in performing the activities of daily living (ADL).

A

occupational therapy

167
Q

treatment to prevent disability to restore function through the use of exercise, heat, massage, or other techniques

A

physical therpy

168
Q

a physical therapy technique that uses high-frequency sound waves to treat muscle injuries by generating heat deep within muscle tissue

A

therapeutic ultrasound

169
Q

uses a device that delivers electrical impulses through the skin, which cause changes in muscles

A

transcutaneous electrical nerve stimulation

170
Q

the most common soft tissue injury treatment is known by the acronym___

A

Rest, Ice, Compression, Elevation

171
Q

a surgical incision through the fascia to relieve tension or pressure

A

fasciotomy

172
Q

the surgical suturing of the end of a tendon to a bone

A

tenodesis

173
Q

the release of a tendon from adhesions

A

tenolysis

174
Q

the surgical cutting of a tendon to provide release or allow lengthening

A

tenotomy

175
Q

the surgical suturing of a muscle

A

myorrhaphy

176
Q

a surgical incision into a muscle

A

myotomy

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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