Chapter 2 Flashcards
gland
aden/o
fat
adip/o
prefix meaning before, front
anter/o
lower part of the body, tail
caud/o (caudal)
head
cephal/o (cephalic)
tissue
hist/o
disease, suffering, feeling, emotion
path/o
in, within, inside
end-
control, maintenance of a constant level
stasis, static
development, growth, formation
plasi, plaso, plasia
the study of structures of the body
anatomy
the study of the functions of the structures of the body
physiology
the body standing in the standard position
anatomical position
an up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon
vertical plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions
sagittal plane
the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves
midsagittal plane
a vertical plane that divides the body into ventral anterior and dorsal posterior portions
frontal plane
situated in the front
anterior
situated in the back
posterior
a flat, crosswise plane, such as the horizon
horizontal plane
a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions
transverse plane
uppermost, above or toward the head
superior
lowermost, below, or toward the feet
inferior
the front of the organ or body, belly-side
ventral
the back of the organ or body
dorsal
situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure
proximal
situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure
distal
the direction toward, or nearer, the midline
medial
the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline
lateral
spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs
body cavities
located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and divided in two sections
dorsal cavity
located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain
cranial cavity
located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord
spinal cavity
located along the front of the body, contains the organs that maintain homeostasis
ventral cavity
the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment
homeostasis
prefix for constant
home/o
surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs
thoracic cavity
contains the major organs of digestion
abdominal cavity
the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory system
pelvic cavity
refers to these two cavities as a single unit
abdominopelvic cavity
relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen
inguinal
a descriptive system that divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into nine parts
regions of the thorax and abdomen
covered by the lower ribs
the right and left hypochondriac regions
prefix for cartilage
chondr/i
located above the stomach
epigastric region
located near the inward curve of the spine
right and left lumbar regions
surrounds the umbilicus (navel)
umbilical region
located below the stomach
hypogastric region
multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity
peritoneum
the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall
parietal peritoneum
a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall
mesentery
the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity
visceral peritoneum
located behind the peritoneum
retroperitoneal
prefix for behind
retro-
inflammation of the peritoneum
peritonitis
the basic structural and functional units of the body
cells
the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell
cytology
a specialist in the study and analysis of cells
cytologist
the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment
cell membrane
the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus
cytoplasm
formative material of cells suffix
-plasm
controls activities of the cell and helps it divide; surrounded by the nuclear membrane, a structure within the cell
nucleus
unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division
stem cells
undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ; maintain and repair tissue in which they are found (somatic)
adult stem cells
undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; but, ability to form any adult cell
embryonic stem cells
has many potential uses to heal injuries and treat diseases
stem cell therapy
a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity
gene
the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease
genetics
a specialist in the field of how genes are transferred in offspring
geneticist
inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition of characteristic
dominant gene
inherited from both offspring will have condition, inherited from only one offspring will not have condition
recessive gene
the complete set of genetic information of an organism
genome
a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell
chromosome
located on the pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell is the same for all living organisms
DNA
a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule
genetic mutation
a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene
genetic disorder
a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affect both the respiratory and digestive systems
Cystic Fibrosis (CF)
a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart disease
Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21(DS)
changes in the MRI gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development delay, learning disabilities and social and behavioral issues
fragile x syndrome
a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing
hemophilia
a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. This condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife
Huntington’s disease (HD)
a disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body, including the heart, eyes, blood vessels and musculoskeletal system
Marfan Syndrome
a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement
muscular dystrophy
a rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing
phenylketonuria (PKU)
a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions
tissue
the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues
histology
a non-physician specialist who studies the microscopic structure of tissues
histologist
forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body
epithelial tissue
the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of the mucous membranes
epithelium
the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs
endothelium
support and connect organs and other body tissues
connective tissue
such as bone, cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body
dense connective tissue
this tissue provides protective padding, insulation, and support (fat)
adipose tissue
holds organs in place and binds tissue together
loose connective tissue
which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products to the body
fluid connective tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax
muscle tissue
contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses
nerve tissue
the defective development, or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue
aplasia
the under-development of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells
hypoplasia
a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other
anaplasia
the abnormal development of growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue
dysplasia
an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ
hyperplasia
a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number of cells in the tissues
hypertrophy
a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions
gland
secrete chemical substance into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body
exocrine glands
produce hormones, do not have ducts; hormones secreted directly into the bloodstream
endocrine glands
a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx
adenoids
the inflammation of a gland
adenitis
a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body
adenocarcinoma
any disease or condition of a gland
adenosis
a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function
organ
the study of disease: its nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function
pathology
a physician who specializes in the laboratory analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish diagnosis
pathologist
the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions
etiology
a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus
pathogen
any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects
communicable disease
occurs when there is human-to-human contact in the form of touch or the exchange of bodily fluids
direct transmission
the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids
bloodborne transmission
the spread of infected respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person, which can transmit diseases such as measles, cold, COVID-19 and flu.
droplet transmission
occurs in situation in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface
indirect contact transmission
occurs through contact with pathogens floating in the air
airborne transmission
caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present
food-borne and waterborne transmission
the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors (mosquitos sandflies, ticks)
vector-borne transmission
a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group
epidemiologist
refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group or area
endemic
a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area
epidemic
refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly world-wide
pandemic
produces symptoms that are detectible physical changes in the body
organic disorder
produces physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified
functional disorder
an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment
iatrogenic illness
any disease without a known cause
idiopathic disease
an illness caused by living pathgenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses
infectious disease
a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting
nosocomial infection
a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of s specific disease process
syndrome
a common medical condition characterized by risk factors for developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes
metabolic syndrome
an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth
congenital disorder
can results in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe
developmental disorder
the congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage
atresia
the mother’s health, her behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery
prenatal risk factors
the result of the mother’s consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy
fetal alcohol syndrome
a birth that occurs earlier than the 37th week of development, can cause serious health problems because the baby’s body systems have not had time to form completely
premature birth
disorders that occur as a result of trauma during labor or delivery
birth injuries
the study of the medical problems and care of older people
geriatrics
after death
postmortem
a postmortem examination
autopsy
an advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person, such as a close friend, to make treatment decisions should the patients be unable to make them
health care proxy
a document that allows a person to state their wishes for end-of-life medical care, in case they become unable to communicate their decisions
living will
a legal document stating that a person does not wish to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if their heart or breathing stop
Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR)
general practitioner, internist, pediatrician, geriatrician, nurse practitioner, physician assistant; Many medical office or clinic setting, these health care specialists are
primary care provider (PCP)
provides ongoing care of patients of all ages
general practitioner (GP)
a physician who specialized in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorder of the internal organs and related body systems
internist
a physician who specialized in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children
pediatrician
a physician who specializes in the care of older people
geriatrician
the branch of medicine relating to the health of older adults
geriatrics
a nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider
nurse practitioner (NP)
a licensed professional who works under that supervision of a physician
physician assistant (PA)
schedules and registers patients for appointments and may also work as a medical assistant
medical receptionist
performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor’s office, such as coding patients’ medical information, measuring a patient’s vital signs, administering injections, and drawing blood
medical assistant
reviews patients’ medical records for insurance purposes, assigning codes for treatment and services based on universal alphanumeric codes for medical diagnoses, equipment, and procedures
medical coder
focuses in diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions
emergency room (ER)
a doctor who specialized in high-acuity medicine in the ER
emergency physician
a licensed health care professional who works in a pre-hospital setting on an ambulance, or in an emergency room
emergency medical technician (EMT)
a licensed health care professional who works in a variety of health care settings
registered nurse (RN)
in certain states, works under the supervision of a doctor or RN to provide basic patient care
licensed vocational nurse (LVN)
works under the supervision of a RN to provide basic patient care
certified nursing assistant
a licensed medical professional who dispenses prescribed medication to patients
pharmacist
provides continuously monitored care for critically ill patients
intensive care unit (ICU)
a physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU
intensivist
a physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients
hospitalist
unit provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care
telemetry
provides nursing care for lower-acuity patients who are recovering from surgery or require continued drug therapy or monitoring
medical/surgical
