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Medical Terminology > Chapter 2 > Flashcards

Chapter 2 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

gland

A

aden/o

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1
Q

fat

A

adip/o

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1
Q

prefix meaning before, front

A

anter/o

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1
Q

lower part of the body, tail

A

caud/o (caudal)

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1
Q

head

A

cephal/o (cephalic)

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2
Q

tissue

A

hist/o

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2
Q

disease, suffering, feeling, emotion

A

path/o

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2
Q

in, within, inside

A

end-

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3
Q

control, maintenance of a constant level

A

stasis, static

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3
Q

development, growth, formation

A

plasi, plaso, plasia

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4
Q

the study of structures of the body

A

anatomy

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5
Q

the study of the functions of the structures of the body

A

physiology

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6
Q

the body standing in the standard position

A

anatomical position

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7
Q

an up-and-down plane that is at a right angle to the horizon

A

vertical plane

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8
Q

a vertical plane that divides the body into unequal left and right portions

A

sagittal plane

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9
Q

the sagittal plane that divides the body into equal left and right halves

A

midsagittal plane

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10
Q

a vertical plane that divides the body into ventral anterior and dorsal posterior portions

A

frontal plane

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11
Q

situated in the front

A

anterior

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12
Q

situated in the back

A

posterior

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13
Q

a flat, crosswise plane, such as the horizon

A

horizontal plane

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14
Q

a horizontal plane that divides the body into superior and inferior portions

A

transverse plane

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15
Q

uppermost, above or toward the head

A

superior

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16
Q

lowermost, below, or toward the feet

A

inferior

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17
Q

the front of the organ or body, belly-side

A

ventral

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18
Q

the back of the organ or body

A

dorsal

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19
Q

situated nearest the midline or beginning of a body structure

A

proximal

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20
Q

situated farthest from the midline or beginning of a body structure

A

distal

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21
Q

the direction toward, or nearer, the midline

A

medial

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22
Q

the direction toward, or nearer, the side of the body, away from the midline

A

lateral

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23
Q

spaces within the body that contain and protect internal organs

A

body cavities

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24
Q

located along the back of the body and head, contains organs of the nervous system that coordinate body functions and divided in two sections

A

dorsal cavity

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25
Q

located within the skull, surrounds and protects the brain

A

cranial cavity

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26
Q

located within the spinal column, surrounds and protects the spinal cord

A

spinal cavity

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27
Q

located along the front of the body, contains the organs that maintain homeostasis

A

ventral cavity

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28
Q

the processes through which the body maintains a constant internal environment

A

homeostasis

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29
Q

prefix for constant

A

home/o

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30
Q

surrounds and protects the heart and the lungs

A

thoracic cavity

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31
Q

contains the major organs of digestion

A

abdominal cavity

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32
Q

the space formed by the hip bones and contains the organs of the reproductive and excretory system

A

pelvic cavity

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33
Q

refers to these two cavities as a single unit

A

abdominopelvic cavity

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34
Q

relating to the groin, refers to the entire lower area of the abdomen

A

inguinal

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35
Q

a descriptive system that divides the abdomen and lower portion of the thorax into nine parts

A

regions of the thorax and abdomen

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36
Q

covered by the lower ribs

A

the right and left hypochondriac regions

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37
Q

prefix for cartilage

A

chondr/i

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38
Q

located above the stomach

A

epigastric region

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39
Q

located near the inward curve of the spine

A

right and left lumbar regions

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40
Q

surrounds the umbilicus (navel)

A

umbilical region

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41
Q

located below the stomach

A

hypogastric region

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42
Q

multilayered membrane that protects and holds the organs in place within the abdominal cavity

A

peritoneum

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43
Q

the outer layer of the peritoneum that lines the interior of the abdominal wall

A

parietal peritoneum

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44
Q

a fused double layer of the parietal peritoneum that attaches parts of the intestine to the interior abdominal wall

A

mesentery

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45
Q

the inner layer of the peritoneum that surrounds the organs of the abdominal cavity

A

visceral peritoneum

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46
Q

located behind the peritoneum

A

retroperitoneal

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47
Q

prefix for behind

A

retro-

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48
Q

inflammation of the peritoneum

A

peritonitis

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49
Q

the basic structural and functional units of the body

A

cells

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50
Q

the study of the anatomy, physiology, pathology, and chemistry of the cell

A

cytology

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51
Q

a specialist in the study and analysis of cells

A

cytologist

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52
Q

the tissue that surrounds and protects the contents of a cell from the external environment

A

cell membrane

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53
Q

the material within the cell membrane that is not part of the nucleus

A

cytoplasm

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54
Q

formative material of cells suffix

A

-plasm

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55
Q

controls activities of the cell and helps it divide; surrounded by the nuclear membrane, a structure within the cell

A

nucleus

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56
Q

unspecialized cells that are able to renew themselves for long periods of time by cell division

A

stem cells

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57
Q

undifferentiated cells found among differentiated cells in a tissue or organ; maintain and repair tissue in which they are found (somatic)

A

adult stem cells

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58
Q

undifferentiated cells that are unlike any specific adult cell; but, ability to form any adult cell

A

embryonic stem cells

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59
Q

has many potential uses to heal injuries and treat diseases

A

stem cell therapy

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60
Q

a fundamental physical and functional unit of heredity

A

gene

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61
Q

the study of how genes are transferred from parents to their children and the role of genes in health and disease

A

genetics

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62
Q

a specialist in the field of how genes are transferred in offspring

A

geneticist

63
Q

inherited from either parent, the offspring will inherit that genetic condition of characteristic

A

dominant gene

64
Q

inherited from both offspring will have condition, inherited from only one offspring will not have condition

A

recessive gene

65
Q

the complete set of genetic information of an organism

A

genome

66
Q

a genetic structure located within the nucleus of each cell

A

chromosome

67
Q

located on the pairs of chromosomes in the nucleus of each cell is the same for all living organisms

A

DNA

68
Q

a change of the sequence of a DNA molecule

A

genetic mutation

69
Q

a pathological condition caused by an absent or defective gene

A

genetic disorder

70
Q

a genetic disorder that is present at birth and affect both the respiratory and digestive systems

A

Cystic Fibrosis (CF)

71
Q

a genetic variation that is associated with a characteristic facial appearance, learning disabilities, developmental delays, and physical abnormalities such as heart disease

A

Down Syndrome or Trisomy 21(DS)

72
Q

changes in the MRI gene that usually makes a protein needed for normal brain development delay, learning disabilities and social and behavioral issues

A

fragile x syndrome

73
Q

a hereditary bleeding disorder in which a blood-clotting factor is missing

A

hemophilia

74
Q

a genetic disorder that is passed from parent to child. This condition causes nerve degeneration with symptoms that most often appear in midlife

A

Huntington’s disease (HD)

75
Q

a disorder affecting the connective tissue throughout the body, including the heart, eyes, blood vessels and musculoskeletal system

A

Marfan Syndrome

76
Q

a group of genetic diseases that are characterized by progressive weakness and degeneration of the skeletal muscles that control movement

A

muscular dystrophy

77
Q

a rare genetic disorder in which the essential digestive enzyme phenylalanine hydroxylase is missing

A

phenylketonuria (PKU)

78
Q

a group or layer of similarly specialized cells that join together to perform certain specific functions

A

tissue

79
Q

the microscopic study of the structure, composition, and function of tissues

A

histology

80
Q

a non-physician specialist who studies the microscopic structure of tissues

A

histologist

81
Q

forms a protective covering for all of the internal and external surfaces of the body

A

epithelial tissue

82
Q

the specialized epithelial tissue that forms the epidermis of the skin and the surface layer of the mucous membranes

A

epithelium

83
Q

the specialized epithelial tissue that lines the blood and lymph vessels, body cavities, glands, and organs

A

endothelium

84
Q

support and connect organs and other body tissues

A

connective tissue

85
Q

such as bone, cartilage, form the joints and framework of the body

A

dense connective tissue

86
Q

this tissue provides protective padding, insulation, and support (fat)

A

adipose tissue

87
Q

holds organs in place and binds tissue together

A

loose connective tissue

88
Q

which are blood and lymph, transport nutrients and waste products to the body

A

fluid connective tissue

89
Q

contains cells with the specialized ability to contract and relax

A

muscle tissue

90
Q

contains cells with the specialized ability to react to stimuli and to conduct electrical impulses

A

nerve tissue

91
Q

the defective development, or the congenital absence of an organ or tissue

A

aplasia

92
Q

the under-development of an organ or tissue, usually due to a deficiency in the number of cells

A

hypoplasia

93
Q

a change in the structure of cells and in their orientation to each other

A

anaplasia

94
Q

the abnormal development of growth of cells, or the presence of abnormal cells within a type of tissue

A

dysplasia

95
Q

an increase in the number of cells in a tissue or organ

A

hyperplasia

96
Q

a general increase in the bulk of a body part or organ that is due to an increase in the size, but not the number of cells in the tissues

A

hypertrophy

97
Q

a group of specialized epithelial cells that are capable of producing secretions

A

gland

98
Q

secrete chemical substance into ducts that lead either to other organs or out of the body

A

exocrine glands

99
Q

produce hormones, do not have ducts; hormones secreted directly into the bloodstream

A

endocrine glands

100
Q

a mass of gland-like lymphoid tissue at the back of the upper pharynx

A

adenoids

101
Q

the inflammation of a gland

A

adenitis

102
Q

a malignant tumor that originates in the glands and may spread to other parts of the body

A

adenocarcinoma

103
Q

any disease or condition of a gland

A

adenosis

104
Q

a somewhat independent part of the body that performs a specific function

A

organ

105
Q

the study of disease: its nature and cause as well as the produced changes in structure and function

A

pathology

106
Q

a physician who specializes in the laboratory analysis of diseased tissue samples to confirm or establish diagnosis

A

pathologist

107
Q

the study of the causes of diseases or abnormal conditions

A

etiology

108
Q

a disease-producing microorganism such as a virus

A

pathogen

109
Q

any condition that is transmitted from one person to another either directly or by indirect contact with contaminated objects

A

communicable disease

110
Q

occurs when there is human-to-human contact in the form of touch or the exchange of bodily fluids

A

direct transmission

111
Q

the spread of pathogens through infected blood or other body fluids

A

bloodborne transmission

112
Q

the spread of infected respiratory droplets sprayed by coughing or sneezing onto a nearby person, which can transmit diseases such as measles, cold, COVID-19 and flu.

A

droplet transmission

113
Q

occurs in situation in which a susceptible person is infected by contact with a contaminated surface

A

indirect contact transmission

114
Q

occurs through contact with pathogens floating in the air

A

airborne transmission

115
Q

caused by eating or drinking contaminated food or water that has not been properly treated to remove contamination or kill any pathogens present

A

food-borne and waterborne transmission

116
Q

the spread of certain disease through blood-sucking vectors (mosquitos sandflies, ticks)

A

vector-borne transmission

117
Q

a specialist in the study of outbreaks of disease within a population group

A

epidemiologist

118
Q

refers to the ongoing presence of a disease within a population, group or area

A

endemic

119
Q

a sudden and widespread outbreak of a disease within a specific population group or area

A

epidemic

120
Q

refers to an outbreak of a disease occurring over a large geographic area, possibly world-wide

A

pandemic

121
Q

produces symptoms that are detectible physical changes in the body

A

organic disorder

122
Q

produces physical symptoms for which no disease or other organic cause can be identified

A

functional disorder

123
Q

an unfavorable response due to prescribed medical treatment

A

iatrogenic illness

124
Q

any disease without a known cause

A

idiopathic disease

125
Q

an illness caused by living pathgenic organisms such as bacteria and viruses

A

infectious disease

126
Q

a disease acquired in a hospital or clinical setting

A

nosocomial infection

127
Q

a set of signs and symptoms that occur together as part of s specific disease process

A

syndrome

128
Q

a common medical condition characterized by risk factors for developing heart disease, stroke, and type 2 diabetes

A

metabolic syndrome

129
Q

an abnormal condition that exists at the time of birth

A

congenital disorder

130
Q

can results in an anomaly or malformation such as the absence of a limb or the presence of an extra toe

A

developmental disorder

131
Q

the congenital absence or narrowing of a normal body opening or passage

A

atresia

132
Q

the mother’s health, her behavior, and the prenatal medical care she does or does not receive before delivery

A

prenatal risk factors

133
Q

the result of the mother’s consumption of alcohol during the pregnancy

A

fetal alcohol syndrome

134
Q

a birth that occurs earlier than the 37th week of development, can cause serious health problems because the baby’s body systems have not had time to form completely

A

premature birth

135
Q

disorders that occur as a result of trauma during labor or delivery

A

birth injuries

136
Q

the study of the medical problems and care of older people

A

geriatrics

137
Q

after death

A

postmortem

138
Q

a postmortem examination

A

autopsy

139
Q

an advance directive allowing the person to appoint a trusted person, such as a close friend, to make treatment decisions should the patients be unable to make them

A

health care proxy

140
Q

a document that allows a person to state their wishes for end-of-life medical care, in case they become unable to communicate their decisions

A

living will

141
Q

a legal document stating that a person does not wish to receive cardiopulmonary resuscitation (CPR) if their heart or breathing stop

A

Do Not Resuscitate order (DNR)

142
Q

general practitioner, internist, pediatrician, geriatrician, nurse practitioner, physician assistant; Many medical office or clinic setting, these health care specialists are

A

primary care provider (PCP)

143
Q

provides ongoing care of patients of all ages

A

general practitioner (GP)

144
Q

a physician who specialized in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorder of the internal organs and related body systems

A

internist

145
Q

a physician who specialized in diagnosing, treating, and preventing disorders and diseases of infants and children

A

pediatrician

146
Q

a physician who specializes in the care of older people

A

geriatrician

147
Q

the branch of medicine relating to the health of older adults

A

geriatrics

148
Q

a nurse with graduate training who often works as a primary care provider

A

nurse practitioner (NP)

149
Q

a licensed professional who works under that supervision of a physician

A

physician assistant (PA)

150
Q

schedules and registers patients for appointments and may also work as a medical assistant

A

medical receptionist

151
Q

performs administrative and clinical tasks in a doctor’s office, such as coding patients’ medical information, measuring a patient’s vital signs, administering injections, and drawing blood

A

medical assistant

152
Q

reviews patients’ medical records for insurance purposes, assigning codes for treatment and services based on universal alphanumeric codes for medical diagnoses, equipment, and procedures

A

medical coder

153
Q

focuses in diagnosing and treating life-threatening emergency medical conditions

A

emergency room (ER)

154
Q

a doctor who specialized in high-acuity medicine in the ER

A

emergency physician

155
Q

a licensed health care professional who works in a pre-hospital setting on an ambulance, or in an emergency room

A

emergency medical technician (EMT)

156
Q

a licensed health care professional who works in a variety of health care settings

A

registered nurse (RN)

157
Q

in certain states, works under the supervision of a doctor or RN to provide basic patient care

A

licensed vocational nurse (LVN)

158
Q

works under the supervision of a RN to provide basic patient care

A

certified nursing assistant

159
Q

a licensed medical professional who dispenses prescribed medication to patients

A

pharmacist

160
Q

provides continuously monitored care for critically ill patients

A

intensive care unit (ICU)

161
Q

a physician specializing in the care of critically ill patients hospitalized in the ICU

A

intensivist

162
Q

a physician focusing on the general medical care of hospitalized patients

A

hospitalist

163
Q

unit provides continuous cardiac monitoring for patients with heart problems not requiring intensive care

A

telemetry

164
Q

provides nursing care for lower-acuity patients who are recovering from surgery or require continued drug therapy or monitoring

A

medical/surgical

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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