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Medical Terminology > Chapter 5 > Flashcards

Chapter 5 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

angi/o

A

blood or lymph vessel

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2
Q

aort/o

A

aorta

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3
Q

arteri/o

A

artery

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4
Q

ather/o

A

plaque, fatty substance

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5
Q

brady-

A

slow

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6
Q

cardi/o

A

heart

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7
Q

-crasia

A

a mixture or blending

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8
Q

-emia

A

blood, blood condition

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9
Q

erythr/o

A

red

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10
Q

hem/o, hemat/o

A

blood, relating to the blood

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11
Q

leuk/o

A

white

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12
Q

phleb/o

A

vein

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13
Q

tachy-

A

fast, rapid

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14
Q

thromb/o

A

clot

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15
Q

ven/o

A

vein

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16
Q

blocks the action of the enzyme that causes the blood vessels to contract, resulting in hypertension. (when enzyme is blocked, the blood vessels are able to dilate(enlarge) and this reduces the blood pressure.

A

ace inhibitor

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17
Q

a lower-than-normal number of erythrocytes in the blood causing fatigue and shortness of breath. (without or less than/blood condition) (most common form is iron-deficiency ____)

A

anemia

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18
Q

a localized weak spot or balloon-like enlargement of the wall of an artery.

A

aneurysm

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19
Q

a condition in which severe episodes of chest pain occur due to an inadequate blood flow to the myocardium.

A

angina

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20
Q

the technique of mechanically widening the narrowed or obstructed blood vessel (blood vessel/ surgical repair)

A

angioplasty

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21
Q

slows coagulation and prevents new clots from forming.

A

anticoagulant

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22
Q

is characterized by an absence of all formed blood elements caused by the failure of blood cell production in the bone marrow. (without/growth/pertaining to)

A

aplastic anemia

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23
Q

the loss of the normal rhythm of the heartbeat. This can be a minor, temporary episode, or it can be a fatal event.

A

arrhythmia

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24
Q

a surgical removal of plaque buildup from the interior of an artery

A

atherectomy

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25
Q

is hardening and narrowing of the arteries caused by a buildup of cholesterol plaque on the interior walls of the arteries. (plaque/abnormal hardening)

A

atherosclerosis

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26
Q

the most common type of tachycardia; It occurs when the normal rhythmic contractions of the atria are replaced by rapid, uncontrolled twitching of the muscular heart wall. This causes an irregular and quivering action of the atria.

A

atrial fibrillation

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27
Q

designed for use by nonprofessionals in emergency situations when defibrillation is required.

A

automated external defibrillator

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28
Q

reduces the workload of the heart by slowing the rate of the heartbeat.

A

beta-blocker

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29
Q

an abnormally slow resting heart rate (slow/heart/abnormal condition)

A

bradycardia

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30
Q

an event in which the heart abruptly stops beating or develops an arrythmia that prevents it from pumping blood effectively.

A

cardiac arrest

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31
Q

a diagnostic and treatment procedure in which a catheter is passed into a vein or artery and then guided into the heart.

A

cardiac catherization

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32
Q

a condition in which venous circulation is inadequate due to partial vein blockage or to the leakage of venous valves.

A

chronic venous insufficiency

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32
Q

the term used to describe all diseases of the heart muscle (heart, muscle, disease)

A

cardiomyopathy

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33
Q

the surgical removal of the lining or a portion of a clogged carotid artery leading to the brain.

A

carotid endarterectomy

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34
Q

a fatty substance that travels through the blood and is found in all parts of the body.

A

cholesterol

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35
Q

is atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries that reduces the blood supply to the heart muscle. This creates an insufficient supply of oxygen that can cause angina, a myocardial infarction, or death. Most common type of heart disease.

A

coronary artery disease (CAD)

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36
Q

damage to the heart muscle caused by a thrombus blocking a coronary artery (crown/pertaining to/clot/abnormal condition)

A

coronary thrombosis

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37
Q

the emergency use of electrical shock to restore the heart’s normal rhythm.

A

defibrillation

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38
Q

administered to stimulate the kidneys to increase the secretion to urine to rid the body of excess sodium and water.

A

diuretic

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39
Q

a record of the electrical activity of the myocardium (electric/heart/ picture or record)

A

electrocardiogram

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40
Q

the sudden blockage of a blood vessel by an embolus. (something inserted/condition)

A

embolism

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41
Q

a foreign object, such as a blood clot, a quantity of air or gas, or a bit of tissue or tumor, that is circulating in the blood

A

embolus

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42
Q

mature red blood cells produced by the red bone marrow. (Primary role is to transport oxygen to the tissues)

A

erythrocytes

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43
Q

an inflammation of the inner lining of the heart (within/heart/inflammation)

A

endocarditis

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44
Q

the oxygen-carrying (transportation) blood protein pigment of the erythrocytes.

A

hemoglobin

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45
Q

characterized by an inadequate number of circulating red blood cells due to the premature destruction of red blood cells by the spleen. (relating to blood/ destroy)

A

hemolytic anemia

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46
Q

the loss of a large amount of blood in a short time (blood/bleeding)

A

hemorrhage

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47
Q

the blood cells involved in defending the body against infective organisms and foreign substances. (Include major groups: neutrophils, basophils (cause symptoms of allergies), eosinophils (destroy parasitic organisms) lymphocytes (produce antibodies to target foreign substances/germs), and monocytes (defense against infectious organisms)

A

leukocytes

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47
Q

means to stop or control bleeding (blood/stopping or controlling) Accomplished by the formation of a blood clot by the body or through the external application of pressure to block the flow of blood.

A

hemostasis

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48
Q

a type of cancer characterized by a progressive increase in the number of abnormal leukocytes found in blood-forming tissues, other organs, and in the circulating blood. (white/blood condition)

A

leukemia

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49
Q

a decrease in the number of disease-fighting white blood cells circulating in the blood.

A

leukopenia

50
Q

a blood disorder characterized by anemia in which the red blood cells are larger than normal (large/immature/pertaining to)

A

megaloblastic anemia

51
Q

the abnormal protrusion of a heart valve that results in the inability of the valve to close completely

A

mitral valve prolapse (MVP)

52
Q

a type of cancer in which there is insufficient production of one or more types of blood cells due to dysfunction of the bone marrow.

A

myelodysplastic syndrome

53
Q

is an occlusion(blockage) of one or more coronary arteries caused by a plaque buildup. (a.k.a. heart attack (muscle/heart/a sudden insufficiency of blood/dead tissue)

A

myocardial infarction

54
Q

low blood pressure that occurs upon standing up and remains lower than normal as long as the patient remains standing. (relating to an upright or standing position)

A

orthostatic hypotension

55
Q

the double-walled membranous sac that encloses the heart (surrounding heart)

A

pericardium

56
Q

caused by the lack of the protein intrinsic factor that helps the body absorb vitamin b12 from the gastrointestional tract.

A

pernicious anemia

57
Q

the inflammation of a vein.

A

phlebitis

58
Q

a peripheral arterial occlusive disease in which intermittent attacks are triggered by cold temperatures or stress. (symptoms - due to constricted circulation, affected areas turning white or blue associated with numbness)

A

Raynaud’s disease

59
Q

a potentially life-threatening infection the results from bacteria or other infectious organisms entering the bloodstream.

A

sepsis

60
Q

a serious genetic disorder that causes abnormal hemoglobin, resulting in some red blood cells assuming an abnormal sickle shape.

A

sickle cell anemia

61
Q

an abnormally rapid resting heart rate (rapid/heart/abnormal condition)

A

tachycardia

62
Q

caused by inflammation of the temporal arteries supplying blood to the head and brain. (symptoms - headaches, double vision, and jaw pain)

A

temporal artheritis

63
Q

a nuclear imaging test performed to evaluate how well blood flows through the coronary arteries of the heart muscle during exercise by injecting small amount of thallium into the bloodstream.

A

thallium stress test

64
Q

a condition in which there is an abnormally small number of platelets circulating in the blood (clot/cell/deficiency)

A

thrombocytopenia

65
Q

dissolves or causes a thrombus to break up (clot/destroy)

A

thrombolytic

66
Q

the abnormal condition of having a thrombus. (clot/abnormal condition)

A

thrombosis

67
Q

the blocking of an artery by a thrombus

A

thrombotic occlusion

68
Q

a blood clot attached to the interior wall of an artery or vein

A

thrombus

69
Q

a serious and potentially fatal complication of a blood transfusion in which a severe immune response occurs because the patient’s blood and the donated blood do not match.

A

transfusion reaction

70
Q

abnormally swollen veins that usually occur in the superficial veins of the legs.

A

varicose veins

71
Q

a blood clot the originates in a vein.

A

venous thromboembolism

72
Q

consists of rapid, irregular, and useless contractions of the ventricles. Instead of pumping strongly, the heart muscle quivers ineffectively.

A

ventricular fibrillation

73
Q

a very rapid heartbeat that begins within the ventricles.

A

ventricular tachycardia

74
Q

pertaining to the heart and blood vessels

A

cardiovascular

75
Q

a hollow, muscular organ located in the thoracic cavity, between the lungs

A

heart

76
Q

the external layer of the heart and the inner layer of the pericardium (upon/heart)

A

epicardium

77
Q

the middle and thickest of the heart’s three layers (muscle/heart)

A

myocardium

78
Q

which consists of epithelial tissue, is the inner lining of the heart (within/heart)

A

endocardium

79
Q

supply oxygen-rich blood to the myocardium

A

coronary arteries

80
Q

the two upper chambers of the heart, and these chambers are divided by the interatrial septum.

A

atria

81
Q

the two lower chambers of the heart, and these chambers are divided by the interventricular septum.

A

ventricles

82
Q

controls the opening between the right atrium and the right ventricle

A

tricuspid valve

83
Q

located between the left atrium and the left ventricle.

A

mitral valve (a.k.a bicuspid)

84
Q

located between the left ventricle and the aorta

A

aortic valve

85
Q

the flow of blood only between the heart and lungs

A

pulmonary circulation

86
Q

carry deoxygenated blood out of the right ventricle and into the lungs. This is the only place in the body where deoxygenated blood is carried by arteries instead of veins.

A

pulmonary arteries

87
Q

carry the oxygenated blood from the lungs into the left atrium of the heart. This is the only place in the body where veins carry oxygenated blood

A

pulmonary veins

88
Q

includes the flow of blood to all parts of the body except the lungs

A

systemic circulation

89
Q

the ability to pump blood effectively throughout the body; the contraction and relaxation (beating) of the heart must occur in exactly the correct sequence.

A

heartbeat

90
Q

located in the posterior wall of the right atrium near the entrance of the superior vena cava. (Establishes the basic rhythm and rate of the heartbeat. Natural pacemaker)

A

sinoatrial node

91
Q

the impulses from the SA node also travel to the______. Located on the floor of the right atrium near the interatrial septum. From here, it transmits the electrical impulses onward to the bundle of His.

A

atrioventricular node

92
Q

a group of fibers located within the interventricular system. These fibers carry an electrical impulse to ensure the sequence of the heart contractions.

A

Bundle of His (HISS)

93
Q

specialized conductive fibers located within the walls of the ventricles. Relay the electrical impulses to the cells of the ventricles to contract.

A

Purkinje Fibers

94
Q

large blood vessels that carry blood away from the heart to all regions of the body.

A

arteries

95
Q

the largest blood vessel in the body. (It begins from the left ventricle of the heart and forms the main trunk of the arterial system.)

A

aorta

96
Q

the major arteries that carry blood upward to the head.

A

carotid arteries

97
Q

the smaller, thinner branches of arteries that deliver blood to the capillaries.

A

arterioles

98
Q

are only one epithelial cell in thickness, are the smallest blood vessels in the body.

A

capillaries

99
Q

form a low-pressure collecting system to return oxygen-poor blood to the heart

A

veins

100
Q

the smallest veins that join to form the larger veins

A

venules

101
Q

the two largest veins in the body. These are the veins that return blood into the heart.

A

venae cavae

102
Q

the rhythmic pressure against the walls of an artery caused by the contraction of the heart.

A

pulse

103
Q

the measurement of the amount of systolic (when ventricles contract, highest pressure against artery walls) and diastolic (ventricles are relaxed, lowest pressure against artery walls)pressure exerted against the walls of the arteries

A

blood pressure

104
Q

_____straw-colored fluid contains nutrients, 92% water; ____plasma fluid after the blood cells and clotting proteins have been removed; ____the clotting proteins found in plasma.

A

plasma, serum, fibrinogen

105
Q

platelets, the smallest formed elements of the blood. (important role in blood clotting)

A

thrombocytes

106
Q

___classified according to the presence or absence of certain antigens (A and/or/nor B); ____defines the presence or absence of the Rh antigen on red blood cells; ____gases that are normally dissolved in the liquid portion of blood.

A

blood types, Rh factor, Blood gases

107
Q

____is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the heart; ___is a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating abnormalities, diseases, and disorders of the blood and blood-forming tissues; ____is a physician who specializes in diagnosis, medical management, and surgical treatment of disorders of the blood vessels; ____specializes in the use of technology within a hospital unit to track vital signs such as blood pressure, heart rhythms, and oxygen levels.

A

cardiologist; hematologist; vascular surgeon; telemetry nurse

108
Q

structural abnormalities caused by the failure of the heart to develop normally before birth and are the most common type of birth defect.

A

congenial heart defects

109
Q

___occurs most commonly in the elderly, often after the heart has been weakened or damaged by other health issues. In this chronic condition the heart is unable to pump out all of the blood that it receives. The decreased pumping action causes congestion(fluid buildup); ___the abnormal enlargement of the heart that is frequently associated with heart failure as the heart enlarges in an effort to compensate for its decreased pumping ability.

A

heart failure;

110
Q

stenosis

A

narrowing

111
Q

a.k.a. flatline; the complete lack of electrical activity in the heart. (without/contraction)

A

asystole

112
Q

the inflammation of a blood vessel

A

vasculitis

113
Q

______a benign tumor made up of newly formed blood vessels; ____a deficiency of blood passing through an organ or body part.

A

hemangioma; hypoperfusion

114
Q

a thrombus attached to the interior wall of a deep vein. Sometimes such a blockage forms in the legs of a bedridden patient or in someone who has remained seated too long in an airplane or car. The danger is that the thrombus will break loose and travel to a lung where it can be fatal by causing blockage, called a pulmonary embolism. Or brain = embolic stroke.

A

deep vein thrombosis (DVT)

115
Q

____disorders of blood vessels that are located outside of the heart and brain; ____an example of peripheral vascular disease that is caused by atherosclerosis; ___tissue death caused by severe shortage of blood supply due to illness, injury and/or infection.

A

peripheral vascular diseases; peripheral artery disease; gangrene

116
Q

____any pathologic condition of the cellular elements of the blood (bad/mixture or bleeding); ____a genetic disorder in which the intestine absorb too much iron (blood/color/abnormal condition or disease); ___a cancer characterized by an abnormal increase in the number of red cells in the bone marrow; ____an abnormal increase in the number of platelets in the circulating blood (clot/cell/abnormal condition)

A

blood dyscrasia; hemochromatosis; polycythemia; thrombocytosis

117
Q

___ is measured in terms of milligrams per deciliter of blood; ___is referred to as bad cholesterol, excess quantities contribute to plaque buildup in the arteries; ____ referred to as good cholesterol because it carries unneeded cholesterol back to the liver for processing; _____ combinations of fatty acids attached to glycerol that are also found normally in the blood in limited quantities.

A

total cholesterol; low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL); High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL); Triglycerides

118
Q

___an inherited blood disorder that causes mild or severe anemia due to reduced hemoglobin and RBGs; ____an x-ray of the blood vessels after the injection of a contrast medium (blood vessels/process of recording); ___a diagnostic procedure to image the structures of the blood vessels and the flow of blood through these vessels; ____a radiographic test that provides an image of specific veins after a contrast dye is injected (vein/process of recording)

A

thalassemia; angiography; duplex ultrasound; venography

119
Q

higher than normal blood pressure;
medication to lower blood pressure; medication administered to control irregularities of the heartbeat

A

hypertension; antihypertensive; antirrhythmic

120
Q

____cause the heart and blood vessels to relax by decreasing the movement of calcium into the cells of these structures; an anticoagulant administered to prevent blood clots from forming or growing larger; ___another common anticoagulant (administered by IV or injection); ___medication recommended to reduce the risk of a heart attack or stroke by reducing the ability of the blood to clot.; ___used to combat hyperlipidemia by reducing the undesirable cholesterol levels in the blood; ___strengthens the contraction of the heart muscle, slows the heart rate, and helps eliminate fluid from body tissues.

A

calcium channel blockers; coumadin; heparin; aspirin; cholesterol-lowering drugs; digitalis;

121
Q

___ a thrombolytic that is administered to some patients having a heart attack or stroke; ___causes blood vessels to narrow; ___causes blood vessels to expand; ___a vasodilator that is prescribed to prevent or relieve the pain of angina by dilating the blood vessels to the heart.

A

tissue plasminogen activator; vasoconstrictor; vasodilator; nitroglycerin

122
Q

an emergency procedure for life support consisting of artificial respiration and manual external chest compression.

A

cardiopulmonary resuscitation

123
Q

the removal of whole blood from the body and separation of the blood’s cellular elements. The red and white cells and platelets are suspended in a solution of saline or albumin(a soluble protein) to be returned to the circulatory system, and the plasma is collected. For blood donors, this makes more frequent donations possible.

A

plasmapheresis

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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