Chapter 13 Flashcards
acr/o
extremities (hands and feet), top, extreme point
adren/o
adrenal gland
crin/o
secrete
-dipsia
thirst
glyc/o
glucose, sugar
gonad/o
gonad, sex glands
-ism
condition, state of
pancreat/o
pancreas
parathyroid/o
parathyroid glands
pineal/o
pineal gland
pituitar/o
pituitary gland
poly-
many
somat/o
body
thym/o
thymus gland
thyr/o, thyroid/o
thyroid gland
the chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream.
hormones
produce hormones, do not have ducts
endocrine glands
a pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and the posterior lobes
pituitary gland
stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex (adrenal, cortex, change, pertaining to)
adrenocorticotropic hormone
stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female.
follicle-stimulating hormone
regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues (body, change, pertaining to)
growth hormone (somatotropic hormone a.k.a)
A.K.A. prolactin, stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth
lactogenic hormone
stimulates ovulation in the female. In the male, the stimulates the secretion of testosterone
luteinizing hormone
increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation (increases during pregnancy)
melanocyte-stimulating hormone
stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland
thyroid-stimulating hormone
secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys
antidiuretic hormone
stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth (swift, labor)
oxytocin
a very small endocrine gland. located in the central portion of the brain
pineal gland
influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle (biological functions that occur within a 24-hour period
melatonin
butterfly-shape, lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage
thyroid gland
the two primary thyroid hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body system.
thyroxine and triiodothyronine
produced by thyroid gland, is a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth
calcitonin
there are four, each the size of a grain of rice, embedded in the posterior surface od the thyroid gland
parathyroid gland
works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland. Together, they regulate the calcium levels in the blood and tissues
parathyroid hormone
located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity
thymus
plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of the lymphocytes into T cells
thymosin
a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and endocrine systems
pancreas
parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions (small isolated mass)
pancreatic islets
The basic form of energy used by the body
glucose
The hormone secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream (blood sugar)
glucagon
The hormone secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in bloodstream (blood sugar)
Insulin
A.k.a. Suprarenals, named because they are located on top of each kidney
adrenal glands
Mineral substances-calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorous, sodium, and potassium-that are normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids
electrolytes
Sex hormones (primarily testosterone) secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells
androgens
The steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex
corticosteroids
A corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys
aldosterone
A corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action
cortisol
Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear. A.k.a adrenaline
Epinephrine
Both a hormone (released from adrenal medulla) and a neurohormone (released by sympathetic nervous system)
norepinephrine
Gamete-producing glands
gonads
The process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing
puberty
A hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important for the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation if the menstrual cycle
estrogen
The hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary
progesterone
A reproductive cell
gamete
Any hormone that stimulates the gonads
gonadotropin (tropin-stimulate)
a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics
Testosterone
A large family of hormones derived from cholesterol
steroids
Man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones
Anabolic steroids
A hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite
leptin
A hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract (hunger hormone)
ghrelin
Produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream
Neurohormones
A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands
endocrinologist
A health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease
certified diabetes educator
A rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hands and feet) caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty
acromegaly
Abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty
gigantism
The excess secretion of growth hormone that causes both acromegaly and gigantism
Hyperpituitarism
a condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone (causes short stature)
hypopituitarism
a slow-growing benign tumor of the pituitary gland
pituitary adenoma
A condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth
galactorrhea
A benign functional pituitary tumor
Prolactinoma
An uncommon disorder caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone
diabetes insipidus
Caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH
syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone
A tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin
pinealoma
The most common can er of the endocrine system and is most rapidly increasing cancer in the U.S.
thyroid carcinoma
Caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion
hypothyroidism
An autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland
Hashimoto’s disease
A congenital form of hypothyroidism
cretinism
Caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion (adult hypothyroidism
Myxedema
The overproduction of thyroid hormones
hyperthyroidism
A disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone
Graves’ disease
an abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland A.k.a Thyromegaly
Goiter
an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit
exophthalmos
A relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism
thyroid storm
The overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia
hyperparathyroidism
Caused by insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone
hypopararthyroidism
Characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth
hypercalcemia
Characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood
hypocalcemia
Can be characterized by an abnormally large thymus, with or without a thymoma, a tumor on the thymus
myasthenia gravis
Benign tumor of the pancreas that secretes additional insulin, causing hypoglycemia
insulinoma
An inflammation of the pancreas
pancreatitis
An abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood
hyperglycemia
excessive thirst
polydipsia
excessive hunger
polyphagia
excessive urination
polyuria
the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream
hyperinsulinism
an abnormally low concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood
hypoglycemia
the most common endocrine system disease, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin
diabetes mellitus
an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells
Type 1 diabetes
an insulin resistance disorder. (insulin being produced, but the body does not use it effectively
Type 2 disbetes
a condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 disbetes
prediabetes
a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults.
latent autoimmune diabetes in adults
a form of diabetes mellitus with onset occurring around the 24th week of approximately 2-10% of pregnancies in the U.S.
gestational diabetes mellitus
caused by very high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) or very low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) resulting in a stupor or coma
diabetic coma
a life-threatening diabetes complication caused by a buildup of acids (called ketones) in the blood
diabetic ketoacidosis
caused by very low blood glucose levels/ a.k.a. insulin/diabetic shock
severe hypoglycemia
occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina
diabetic retinopathy
a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking
ketosis
occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone
Addison’s disease
inflammation of one of both of the adrenal glands
Adrenalitis
an abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone
Aldosteronism
a.k.a. hypercortisolism, caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol
Cushing’s syndrome
the condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands
hypergonadism
more common than hypergonadism, is characterized by the deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands
hypogonadism
the condition of excessive mammary development in the male
gynecomastia
uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function
radioactive iodine uptake test
a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of TSH
thyroid-stimulating hormone assay
measures thyroid function, is a form of nuclear medicine
thyroid scan
measures the blood glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours
fasting blood sugar test
most commonly performed to diagnose type 2 or gestational diabetes. after fasting for 8 hours, the patient has a baseline blood draw then drinks a liquid containing a high concentration of sugar, and the blood glucose level is tested after 1 hour and again after 2 hours
oral glucose tolerance test
the current blood glucose level using a drop of blood and is often performed by the patient multiple times per day
home blood glucose monitoring
a method of tracking glucose levels 24 hours a day through a tiny sensor inserted under the skin on the abdomen or arm
continuous glucose monitoring
HbA1c, is a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3-4 months
Hemoglobin A1c testing
measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks
the fructosamine test
a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development
human growth hormone
the surgical removal of the pituitary gland, performed to treat cancerous or benign tumors
hypophysectomy
a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones
antithyroid drug
the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells
radioactive iodine treatment
the surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland
lobectomy
the use of synthetic thyroid hormones, which are oral medications administered to replace lost thyroid function
thyroid replacement therapy
the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, is performed to control hyperparathyroidism or remove parathyroid glands
parathyroidectomy
the surgical removal of the thymus gland
thymectomy
the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas
pancreatectomy
a minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands
laparoscopic adrenalectomy
the synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands
cortisone
