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Medical Terminology > Chapter 13 > Flashcards

Chapter 13 Flashcards

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USMLE® Step 1 flashcards
1
Q

acr/o

A

extremities (hands and feet), top, extreme point

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2
Q

adren/o

A

adrenal gland

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3
Q

crin/o

A

secrete

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4
Q

-dipsia

A

thirst

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5
Q

glyc/o

A

glucose, sugar

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6
Q

gonad/o

A

gonad, sex glands

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7
Q

-ism

A

condition, state of

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8
Q

pancreat/o

A

pancreas

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9
Q

parathyroid/o

A

parathyroid glands

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10
Q

pineal/o

A

pineal gland

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11
Q

pituitar/o

A

pituitary gland

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12
Q

poly-

A

many

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13
Q

somat/o

A

body

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14
Q

thym/o

A

thymus gland

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15
Q

thyr/o, thyroid/o

A

thyroid gland

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16
Q

the chemical messengers that are secreted by endocrine glands directly into the bloodstream.

A

hormones

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17
Q

produce hormones, do not have ducts

A

endocrine glands

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18
Q

a pea-sized gland that is divided into two parts, the anterior and the posterior lobes

A

pituitary gland

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19
Q

stimulates the growth and secretions of the adrenal cortex (adrenal, cortex, change, pertaining to)

A

adrenocorticotropic hormone

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20
Q

stimulates the secretion of estrogen and the growth of ova (eggs) in the ovaries of the female.

A

follicle-stimulating hormone

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21
Q

regulates the growth of bone, muscle, and other body tissues (body, change, pertaining to)

A

growth hormone (somatotropic hormone a.k.a)

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22
Q

A.K.A. prolactin, stimulates and maintains the secretion of breast milk in the mother after childbirth

A

lactogenic hormone

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23
Q

stimulates ovulation in the female. In the male, the stimulates the secretion of testosterone

A

luteinizing hormone

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24
Q

increases the production of melanin in melanocytes, thereby causing darkening of skin pigmentation (increases during pregnancy)

A

melanocyte-stimulating hormone

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25
Q

stimulates the secretion of hormones by the thyroid gland

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone

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26
Q

secreted by the hypothalamus and stored in the pituitary gland, helps control blood pressure by reducing the amount of water that is excreted through the kidneys

A

antidiuretic hormone

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27
Q

stimulates uterine contractions during childbirth (swift, labor)

A

oxytocin

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28
Q

a very small endocrine gland. located in the central portion of the brain

A

pineal gland

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29
Q

influences the sleep-wakefulness portions of the circadian cycle (biological functions that occur within a 24-hour period

A

melatonin

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30
Q

butterfly-shape, lies on either side of the larynx, just below the thyroid cartilage

A

thyroid gland

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31
Q

the two primary thyroid hormones regulate the rate of metabolism and affect the growth and rate of function of many other body system.

A

thyroxine and triiodothyronine

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32
Q

produced by thyroid gland, is a hormone that works with the parathyroid hormone to decrease calcium levels in the blood and tissues by moving calcium into storage in the bones and teeth

A

calcitonin

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33
Q

there are four, each the size of a grain of rice, embedded in the posterior surface od the thyroid gland

A

parathyroid gland

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34
Q

works with the hormone calcitonin that is secreted by the thyroid gland. Together, they regulate the calcium levels in the blood and tissues

A

parathyroid hormone

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35
Q

located near the midline in the anterior portion of the thoracic cavity

A

thymus

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36
Q

plays an important part in the immune system by stimulating the maturation of the lymphocytes into T cells

A

thymosin

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37
Q

a feather-shaped organ located posterior to the stomach that functions as part of both the digestive and endocrine systems

A

pancreas

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38
Q

parts of the pancreas that have endocrine functions (small isolated mass)

A

pancreatic islets

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39
Q

The basic form of energy used by the body

A

glucose

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40
Q

The hormone secreted by alpha cells of pancreatic islets in response to low levels of glucose in the bloodstream (blood sugar)

A

glucagon

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41
Q

The hormone secreted by beta cells of pancreatic islets in response to high levels of glucose in bloodstream (blood sugar)

A

Insulin

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42
Q

A.k.a. Suprarenals, named because they are located on top of each kidney

A

adrenal glands

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43
Q

Mineral substances-calcium, chloride, magnesium, phosphorous, sodium, and potassium-that are normally found in the blood and other bodily fluids

A

electrolytes

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44
Q

Sex hormones (primarily testosterone) secreted by the gonads, the adrenal cortex, and fat cells

A

androgens

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45
Q

The steroid hormones produced by the adrenal cortex

A

corticosteroids

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46
Q

A corticosteroid that regulates the sodium and water levels in the body by increasing sodium reabsorption and potassium excretion by the kidneys

A

aldosterone

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47
Q

A corticosteroid that has an anti-inflammatory action

A

cortisol

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48
Q

Stimulates the sympathetic nervous system in response to physical injury or to mental stress such as fear. A.k.a adrenaline

A

Epinephrine

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49
Q

Both a hormone (released from adrenal medulla) and a neurohormone (released by sympathetic nervous system)

A

norepinephrine

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50
Q

Gamete-producing glands

A

gonads

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51
Q

The process of physical changes by which a child’s body becomes an adult body that is capable of reproducing

A

puberty

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52
Q

A hormone secreted by the ovaries that is important for the development and maintenance of the female secondary sex characteristics and in regulation if the menstrual cycle

A

estrogen

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53
Q

The hormone released during the second half of the menstrual cycle by the corpus luteum in the ovary

A

progesterone

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54
Q

A reproductive cell

A

gamete

55
Q

Any hormone that stimulates the gonads

A

gonadotropin (tropin-stimulate)

56
Q

a steroid hormone secreted by the testicles and the adrenal cortex to stimulate the development of male secondary sex characteristics

A

Testosterone

57
Q

A large family of hormones derived from cholesterol

A

steroids

58
Q

Man-made substances that are chemically related to male sex hormones

A

Anabolic steroids

59
Q

A hormone secreted by fat cells that is involved in the regulation of appetite

A

leptin

60
Q

A hormone produced in the gastrointestinal tract (hunger hormone)

A

ghrelin

61
Q

Produced and released by neurons in the brain, rather than by the endocrine glands, and delivered to organs and tissues through the bloodstream

A

Neurohormones

62
Q

A physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and malfunctions of the endocrine glands

A

endocrinologist

63
Q

A health care professional qualified to teach people with diabetes how to manage their disease

A

certified diabetes educator

64
Q

A rare hormonal disorder characterized by abnormal enlargement of the extremities (hands and feet) caused by the excessive secretion of growth hormone after puberty

A

acromegaly

65
Q

Abnormal growth of the entire body that is caused by excessive secretion of growth hormone before puberty

A

gigantism

66
Q

The excess secretion of growth hormone that causes both acromegaly and gigantism

A

Hyperpituitarism

67
Q

a condition in which the pituitary gland does not produce enough growth hormone (causes short stature)

A

hypopituitarism

68
Q

a slow-growing benign tumor of the pituitary gland

A

pituitary adenoma

69
Q

A condition in which an excess of prolactin causes the breasts to produce milk spontaneously, not due to childbirth

A

galactorrhea

70
Q

A benign functional pituitary tumor

A

Prolactinoma

71
Q

An uncommon disorder caused by insufficient production of the antidiuretic hormone ADH or by the inability of the kidneys to respond appropriately to this hormone

A

diabetes insipidus

72
Q

Caused by the overproduction of the antidiuretic hormone ADH

A

syndrome of inappropriate antidiuretic hormone

73
Q

A tumor of the pineal gland that can disrupt the production of melatonin

A

pinealoma

74
Q

The most common can er of the endocrine system and is most rapidly increasing cancer in the U.S.

A

thyroid carcinoma

75
Q

Caused by a deficiency of thyroid secretion

A

hypothyroidism

76
Q

An autoimmune disease in which the body’s own antibodies attack and destroy the cells of the thyroid gland

A

Hashimoto’s disease

77
Q

A congenital form of hypothyroidism

A

cretinism

78
Q

Caused by an extreme deficiency of thyroid secretion (adult hypothyroidism

A

Myxedema

79
Q

The overproduction of thyroid hormones

A

hyperthyroidism

80
Q

A disorder of unknown cause in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland and stimulates it to make excessive amounts of thyroid hormone

A

Graves’ disease

81
Q

an abnormal, benign enlargement of the thyroid gland A.k.a Thyromegaly

A

Goiter

82
Q

an abnormal protrusion of the eyeball out of the orbit

A

exophthalmos

83
Q

A relatively rare, life-threatening condition caused by exaggerated hyperthyroidism

A

thyroid storm

84
Q

The overproduction of the parathyroid hormone, causes the condition known as hypercalcemia

A

hyperparathyroidism

85
Q

Caused by insufficient or absent secretion of the parathyroid hormone

A

hypopararthyroidism

86
Q

Characterized by abnormally high concentrations of calcium circulating in the blood instead of being stored in the bones and teeth

A

hypercalcemia

87
Q

Characterized by abnormally low levels of calcium in the blood

A

hypocalcemia

88
Q

Can be characterized by an abnormally large thymus, with or without a thymoma, a tumor on the thymus

A

myasthenia gravis

89
Q

Benign tumor of the pancreas that secretes additional insulin, causing hypoglycemia

A

insulinoma

90
Q

An inflammation of the pancreas

A

pancreatitis

91
Q

An abnormally high concentration of glucose in the blood

A

hyperglycemia

92
Q

excessive thirst

A

polydipsia

93
Q

excessive hunger

A

polyphagia

94
Q

excessive urination

A

polyuria

95
Q

the condition of excessive secretion of insulin in the bloodstream

A

hyperinsulinism

96
Q

an abnormally low concentration of glucose (sugar) in the blood

A

hypoglycemia

97
Q

the most common endocrine system disease, is a group of metabolic disorders characterized hyperglycemia resulting from defects in the body’s production of insulin

A

diabetes mellitus

98
Q

an autoimmune insulin deficiency disorder caused by the destruction of pancreatic islet beta cells

A

Type 1 diabetes

99
Q

an insulin resistance disorder. (insulin being produced, but the body does not use it effectively

A

Type 2 disbetes

100
Q

a condition in which the blood glucose level is higher than normal, but not high enough to be classified as type 2 disbetes

A

prediabetes

101
Q

a condition in which type 1 diabetes develops in adults.

A

latent autoimmune diabetes in adults

102
Q

a form of diabetes mellitus with onset occurring around the 24th week of approximately 2-10% of pregnancies in the U.S.

A

gestational diabetes mellitus

103
Q

caused by very high blood glucose (hyperglycemia) or very low blood glucose (hypoglycemia) resulting in a stupor or coma

A

diabetic coma

104
Q

a life-threatening diabetes complication caused by a buildup of acids (called ketones) in the blood

A

diabetic ketoacidosis

105
Q

caused by very low blood glucose levels/ a.k.a. insulin/diabetic shock

A

severe hypoglycemia

106
Q

occurs when diabetes damages the tiny blood vessels in the retina

A

diabetic retinopathy

107
Q

a normal metabolic process that helps the body utilize stored fat when other sources of energy are lacking

A

ketosis

108
Q

occurs when the adrenal glands do not produce enough of the hormones cortisol or aldosterone

A

Addison’s disease

109
Q

inflammation of one of both of the adrenal glands

A

Adrenalitis

110
Q

an abnormality of the electrolyte balance that is caused by excessive secretion of aldosterone

A

Aldosteronism

111
Q

a.k.a. hypercortisolism, caused by prolonged exposure to high levels of cortisol

A

Cushing’s syndrome

112
Q

the condition of excessive secretion of hormones by the sex glands

A

hypergonadism

113
Q

more common than hypergonadism, is characterized by the deficient secretion of hormones by the sex glands

A

hypogonadism

114
Q

the condition of excessive mammary development in the male

A

gynecomastia

115
Q

uses radioactive iodine administered orally to measure thyroid function

A

radioactive iodine uptake test

116
Q

a diagnostic test to measure the circulating blood level of TSH

A

thyroid-stimulating hormone assay

117
Q

measures thyroid function, is a form of nuclear medicine

A

thyroid scan

118
Q

measures the blood glucose levels after the patient has not eaten for 8 to 12 hours

A

fasting blood sugar test

119
Q

most commonly performed to diagnose type 2 or gestational diabetes. after fasting for 8 hours, the patient has a baseline blood draw then drinks a liquid containing a high concentration of sugar, and the blood glucose level is tested after 1 hour and again after 2 hours

A

oral glucose tolerance test

120
Q

the current blood glucose level using a drop of blood and is often performed by the patient multiple times per day

A

home blood glucose monitoring

121
Q

a method of tracking glucose levels 24 hours a day through a tiny sensor inserted under the skin on the abdomen or arm

A

continuous glucose monitoring

122
Q

HbA1c, is a blood test that measures the average blood glucose level over the previous 3-4 months

A

Hemoglobin A1c testing

123
Q

measures average glucose levels over the previous 3 weeks

A

the fructosamine test

124
Q

a synthetic version of the growth hormone that is administered to stimulate growth when the natural supply of growth hormone is insufficient for normal development

A

human growth hormone

125
Q

the surgical removal of the pituitary gland, performed to treat cancerous or benign tumors

A

hypophysectomy

126
Q

a medication administered to slow the ability of the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones

A

antithyroid drug

127
Q

the oral administration of radioactive iodine to destroy thyroid cells

A

radioactive iodine treatment

128
Q

the surgical removal of one lobe of the thyroid gland

A

lobectomy

129
Q

the use of synthetic thyroid hormones, which are oral medications administered to replace lost thyroid function

A

thyroid replacement therapy

130
Q

the surgical removal of one or more of the parathyroid glands, is performed to control hyperparathyroidism or remove parathyroid glands

A

parathyroidectomy

131
Q

the surgical removal of the thymus gland

A

thymectomy

132
Q

the surgical removal of all or part of the pancreas

A

pancreatectomy

133
Q

a minimally invasive surgical procedure to remove one or both adrenal glands

A

laparoscopic adrenalectomy

134
Q

the synthetic equivalent of corticosteroids produced by the adrenal glands

A

cortisone

Medical Terminology (11 decks)

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