Chapter 3 Flashcards
ankyl/o
crooked, bent, stiff
arthr/o
joint
burs/o
bursa
chondr/i, chondr/o
cartilage
cost/o
rib
crani/o
skull
-desis
to bind, tie together
kyph/o
bent, hump
lord/o
curve, swayback, bent
Lumb/o
lumbar, lower back
myel/o
spinal cord, bone marrow
scoli/o
curved, bent
oss/e, oss/i, ost/o, oste/o
bone
synovi/o, synov/o
synovial membrane, synovial fluid
spondyl/o
vertebrae, vertebral column, backbone
a newborn’s skeleton begins as fragile membranes and cartilage, but after three months it starts turning to bone
ossification
the tough, fibrous tissue that forms the outermost covering of bone
Periosteum
the dense, hard, and very strong bone that forms the protective outer layer of bones.
compact bone
porous, lighter and weaker than compact bone. Red bone marrow located within, major bones of the arms and legs and short bones (wrist and ankle)
Spongy bone
the central cavity located in the shaft of long bones, where it is surrounded by compact bone
medullary cavity
the tissue that lines the medullary cavity
endosteum
pertaining to the formation of blood cells
hematopoietic
the smooth, rubbery, blue-white connective tissue that acts as a shock absorber between bones
cartilage
covers the surfaces of bones where they articulate, or come together, to form joints
articular cartilage
the curved, fibrous cartilage found in some joints, such as the knee and the temporomandibular joint of the jaw
meniscus
the shaft of a long bone
diaphysis
the wider ends of long bones such as the femurs of the legs
epiphyses
an opening in a bone through which blood vessels, nerves, and ligaments pass
foramen
a normal projection on the surface of a bone that most commonly serves as an attachment for a muscle or tendon
process
the place of union between two or more bones
joints
consisting of inflexible layers of dense connective tissue, hold the bones tightly together
fibrous joints
normally present on the skull of a newborn
fontanelles
allow only slight movement and consist of bones connected entirely by cartilage
cartilaginous joints
allows some movement to facilitate childbirth
pubic symphysis
created where two bones articulate to permit a variety of motions (i.e. ball-and-socket joints, hinge joints)
synovial joint
the outermost layer of strong fibrous tissue that resembles a sleeve as it surrounds the joint
synovial capsule
lines the capsule and secretes synovial fluid
synovial membrane
flows within the synovial cavity, acts as a lubricant to make the smooth movement of the joint possible
synovial fluid
bands of fibrous tissue that form joints by connecting one bone to another bone or by joining a bone to cartilage
ligaments
a fibrous sac that acts as a cushion to ease movement in areas that are subject to friction, such as in the shoulder, elbow, and knee joints where a tendon passes over a bone
bursa
protects the major organs of the nervous, respiratory, and circulatory systems
axial skeleton
makes body movement possible and also protects the organs of digestion, excretion, and reproduction
appendicular skeleton
consists of the 8 bones that form the cranium, 14 bones that form the face, and 6 bones in the middle ear
skull
which is made up of the following eight bones, is the portion of the skull that encloses and protects the brain
cranium
the anterior portion of the cranium that forms the forehead
frontal bone
two of the largest bones of the skull
parietal bones
forms the back part of the skull and the base of the cranium
occipital bone
form the sides and base of the cranium
temporal bones
the opening of the external auditory canal of the outer ear. this canal is located within the temporal bone on each side of the skull
external auditory meatus
an irregular, wedge-shaped bone at the base of the skull
sphenoid base
light, spongy bone located at the roof and sides of the nose
ethmoid bone
the three tiny bones located in each middle ear
auditory ossicles
form the upper part of the bridge of the nose
nasal bones
articulate with the frontal bone that makes up the forehead
zygomatic bones
form most of the upper jaw
maxillary bones
form the anterior part of the hard palate of the mouth and the floor of the nose
palatine bones
make up part of the orbit at the inner angle
lacrimal bones
the thin, scroll-like bones that form part of the interior of the nose
inferior conchae
forms the base for the nasal septum
vomer bone
the only moveable bone of the skull
mandible
the bony structure that protects the heart and lungs
thoracic cavity
attach posteriorly to the thoracic vertebrae, 12 pairs
ribs
a flat, dagger-shaped bone located in the middle of the chest
sternum
the bony structure that forms the upper portion of the sternum
manubrium
the bony structure that forms the middle portion of the sternum
body of the sternum
the structure made of cartilage that forms the lower portion of the sternum
xiphoid process
the shoulders form this which supports the arms and hands
pectoral girdle
a slender bone that connects the manubrium of the sternum to the scapula
clavicle
also known as the shoulder blade
scapula
an extension of the scapula that forms the high point of the shoulder
acromion
the bone of the upper arm
humerus
the smaller and shorter bone in the forearm; runs up the thumb side of the forearm
radius
the larger and longer bone of the forearm
ulna
the large, proximal tip of the ulna
olecranon
the bones that form the wrist
carpals
the five bones that form the palms of the hand
metacarpals
the 14 bones of the fingers (and bones of the toes)
phalanges
protects the spinal cord and supports the head and body (consists of twenty-six vertebrae
spinal column
the posterior portion of a vertebra. The transverse and spinous processes extend from this area and serve as attachments for muscles and tendons
lamina
made of cartilage and pads of tissue, separate and cushion the vertebrae from each other and allow for movement of the spinal column
intervertebral disks
the first set of seven vertebrae, and they form the neck
cervical vertebrae
known as T1 through T12, are the second set of 12 vertebrae. Each of these vertebrae has a pair of ribs attached to it, and together they form the outward curve of the spine.
thoracic vertebrae
known as L1 through L5, make up the third set of five vertebrae, and together they form the inward curve of the power spine
lumbar vertebrae
the slightly curved, triangular-shaped bone near the base of the spine that forms the lower portion of the back
sacrum
forms the end of the spine and is actually made up of four small vertebrae that are entirely or partially fused together
coccyx
protects internal organs and supports the lower extremities
pelvis
the broad, blade-shaped bone that forms the back and sides of the pubic bone
ilium
the slightly movable articulation between the sacrum and posterior portion of the ilium
sacroiliac
forms the lower posterior portion of the pubic bone, bears the weight of the body when sitting
ischium
forms the anterior portion of the pubic bone, is located just below the urinary bladder
pubis
the ilium, ischium, and pubis bones separate at birth fuse as the child matures to form the left and right ______
pubic bones
the cartilaginous joint that unites the left and right pubic bones
pubic symphysis
the large circular cavity in each side of the pelvis that articulates with the head of the femur to form the hip joint
acetabulum
the largest bones in the body
femurs
the bony anterior portion of the knee
patella
describes the posterior space behind the knee where the ligaments, vessels, and muscles related to this joint are located
popliteal
make possible the movements of the knee
cruciate ligaments
the larger anterior weight-bearing bone of the lower leg
tibia
the smaller of the two bones of the lower leg
fibula
seven bones that make up the ankle
tarsal
rounded bony projection on the tibia and fibula on the sides of each ankle joint
malleolus
the ankle bone that articulates with the tibia and fibula
talus
the largest of the tarsal bones
calcaneus
the five form that part of the foot to which the toes are unattached
metatarsals
the bones of the toes; the great toe has 2, each of the other toes has three
phalanges
holds a doctor of chiropractic degree and specializes in the manipulative treatment of disorders originating from misalignment of the spine
chiropractor
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders involving the bones, joints, and muscles.
orthopedic surgeon
holds a doctor of osteopathy degree and uses traditional forms of medical treatment in addition to specializing in treating health problems by spinal manipulation
osteopath
holds a doctor of podiatry or doctor of podiatric medicine degree and specializes in diagnosing and treating disorders of the foot
podiatrist
a physician who specializes in the diagnosis and treatment of arthritis and disorders such as osteoporosis, fibromyalgia, and tendinitis that are characterized by inflammation in the joints and connective tissues
rheumatologist
the loss or absence of mobility in a joint due to disease, injury, or a surgical procedure
ankylosis
painful ankylosis of the shoulder
adhesive capsulitis
stiffness of the joints, especially in the elderly
arthrosclerosis
a fluid-filled sac behind the knee
Baker’s cyst
an inflammation of a bursa
bursitis
the abnormal softening of cartilage
chondromalacia
an inflammation of the cartilage that connects a rib to the sternum
costochondritis
an abnormal enlargement of the joint at the base of the great toe
hallux valgus
blood within a joint
hemarthrosis
an inflammatory disorder of the muscles and joints characterized by pain and stiffness in the neck, shoulders, upper arms, and hips and thighs
polymyalgia rheumatica (PMR)
inflammation of the synovial membrane that results in swelling and pain of the affected joint
synovitis
the total displacement of a bone from its joint
dislocation
the partial displacement of a bone from its joint
subluxation
an inflammatory condition of one or more joints
arthritis
most commonly associated with aging, known as wear-and-tear arthritis
osteoarthritis
bone spurs, these bony projections can cause pain or restrict movement in a joint
osteophytes
this degenerative disorder can cause the loss of normal spinal structure and function
spondylosis
a type of inflammatory arthritis characterized by deposits of urate crystals in the joints, often the big toe
Gout
a chronic autoimmune disorder in which the joints and some organs of other body systems are attacked
rheumatoid arthritis
a type of arthritis that primarily causes inflammation of the joints between the vertebrae
ankylosing spondylitis
an autoimmune disorder that affects children ages 16 years or younger, with symptoms that include stiffness, pain, joint swelling, skin rash, fever, slowed growth, and fatigue.
juvenile idiopathic arthritis
an inflammatory form of arthritis developed by about 20% of all people with the autoimmune skin disease psoriasis
psoriatic arthritis
the breaking apart of an intervertebral disk resulting in a bulge that can put pressure on spinal nerve roots
herniated disk
the general term for pain in the lumbar region of the spine
lumbago
the forward slipping movement of the body of one of the lower lumbar vertebrae on the vertebra or sacrum below it
spondylolisthesis
a congenital defect that occurs during early pregnancy when the spinal canal falls to close completely around the spinal cord to protect it
spina bifida
an abnormal increase in the outward curvature of the thoracic spine as viewed from the side
kyphosis
an abnormal increase in the forward curvature of the lumbar spine
lordosis
an abnormal lateral curvature of the spine
scoliosis
an area of bone tissue death caused by insufficient blood flow, often to the hip
avascular necrosis
an inflammation of a bone
osteitis
abnormal softening of bones in adults. often caused by vitamin d deficiency
osteomalacia
inflammation of the bone marrow and adjacent bone
osteomyelitis
a chronic bone disease of unknown cause; the condition is characterized by the abnormal breakdown of bone, usually in the pelvis, skull, spine, and legs, followed by abnormal bone formation
Paget’s disease
an inflammation of the periosteum
periostitis
a condition caused by the compression of a nerve in the spine
radiculopathy
a deficiency disease occurring in children. this condition is characterized by defective bone growth resulting from a lack of vitamin d necessary for the body to maintain calcium and phosphorus levels in the bones
rickets
a narrowing of the spaces within the spine, potentially putting pressure on the nerves and spinal cord that may cause pain
spinal stenosis
describes any congenital deformity of the foot involving the talus
clubfoot
dwarfism; a person whose height is much lower than average
short stature
a relatively rare malignant tumor that originates in a bone
primary bone cancer
occurs when cancer cells metastasize to the bones from other organs such as the breasts, prostate, or lungs
secondary bone cancer
a type of cancer that occurs in blood-making plasma cells found in the red bone marrow
multiple myeloma
a benign bony projection covered with cartilage
osteochondroma
a marked loss of bone density and an increase in bone porosity frequently associated with aging
osteoporosis
thinner-than-average bone density
osteopenia
occurs when the bone is pressed together on itself
compression fracture
This fracture occurs at the lower end of the radius, often when a person tries to stop a fall by landing on his of her hands. the impact of the fall causes the bone weakened by osteoporosis to break
colles fracture
usually caused by weakening of the bones due to osteoporosis and can occur either spontaneously or as the result of a fall. complications from these fractures can result in the loss of function, mobility, and independence, or death.
osteoporotic hip fracture
described in terms of its complexity, a “broken bone”
fracture
one in which the bone is broken, but there is no open wound in the skin
closed fracture
one in which the bone is broken and there is an open wound in the skin
open fracture
the bone is splintered or crushed (in small pieces)
comminuted fracture
the bone does not break into two separate pieces, occurs primarily in children
incomplete fracture
one side of the bone is broken and the other side is only bent
greenstick fracture
the affected side of the bone is compressed and buckles but does not break
buckle fracture
occurs at an angle across the bone
oblique fracture
occurs when a bone breaks under normal stain. this is due to bones being weakened by osteoporosis or a disease process such as cancer
pathologic fracture
an overuse injury, is a small crack in the bone that often develops from chronic excessive impact
stress fracture
occurs straight across, perpendicular to the shaft of the bone
transverse fracture
can form when a long bone is fractured due to an accident of surgery, and fat cells from yellow bone marrow are released into the blood
fat embolus
the grating sound heard when the ends of a broken bone move together
crepitation
as the bone heals, forms as a bulging deposit around the area of the break. this tissue eventually becomes bone
callus
uses a form of electromagnetic radiation, these images help visualize bone fractures and other abnormalities of hard-tissue internal structures
x-ray imaging
the visual examination of the internal structure of a joint
arthroscopy
a diagnostic test that may be necessary after abnormal types or numbers of red or white blood cells are found in a complete blood count test
bone marrow biopsy
used to image soft tissue structures such as the interior of complex joints
magnetic resonance imaging
used to determine losses or changes in bone density. these tests are used to diagnose conditions such as osteoporosis, osteomalacia, osteopenia, and paget’s disease
bone density testing (BDT)
a screening test of osteoporosis or other conditions that cause a loss of bone mass
ultrasonic bone density testing
a low-exposure radiographic measurement of the spine and hips to measure bone density
dual x-ray absorptiometry
a class of drugs used to slow the loss of bone density due to osteoporosis, reducing the risk of broken bones
bisphosphonates
a stem cell transplant used to treat certain types of cancers, such as leukemia and lymphomas
bone marrow transplant
uses healthy bone marrow cells from a compatible donor, often a sibling. unless this is a perfect match, there is the danger that the recipient’s body will reject the transplant
allogenic bone marrow transplant
the patient receives his or her own bone marrow cells, which have been harvested, cleansed, treated, and stored before the remaining bone marrow in the patient’s body undergoes treatment
autologous bone marrow transplant
means originating within an individual
autologous
a mechanical appliance, such as a show insert leg brace, or a splint, which is specially designed to support, control, correct, or compensate for impaired limb function.
orthotic
a substitute for a diseased or missing body part, such as the leg that has been amputated
prosthesis
the surgical fusion of two bones to stiffen a joint, such as an ankle, elbow, or shoulder
arthrodesis
a minimally invasive procedure for the treatment of the interior of a joint
arthroscopic surgery
a surgical procedure using transplanted bone, often from a hip, leg, or rib, to repair and rebuild bones damaged by injury or disease
bone grafting
the surgical removal of a synovial membrane from a joint, usually the knee
synovectomy
the surgical repair of a damaged joint
arthroplasty
a procedure in which only part of the knee is replaced. This can be the medial or lateral part of the joint, or the front patella.
partial knee replacement
all of the parts of the knee are replaced
total knee replacement
performed to restore a damaged hip to full function. During the surgery, a plastic liner with a metal shell is fitted into the acetabulum to restore a smooth surface
total hip replacement
the replacement of a worn or failed implant
revision surgery
the surgical or accidental removal of a limb
amputation
performed to treat a herniated intervertebral disk that does not respond to physical therapy or other treatments
percutaneous diskectomy
performed to treat osteoporosis-related compression fractures. In this minimally invasive procedure, bone cement is injected to stabilize compression fractures within the spinal column
percutaneous vertebroplasty
the surgical removal of the lamina, or posterior portion, of a vertebra
laminectomy
a technique to immobilize part of the spine by joining together two or more vertebrae
spinal fusion
the surgical removal of a portion of the skull
decompressive craniectomy
a surgical incision or opening into the skull
craniotomy
surgical cutting and reshaping of a bone
osteotomy
the attempted non surgical realignment of the bone involved in a fracture or joint dislocation
closed reduction
the act of holding, suturing, or fastening the bone in a fixed position with strapping or a cast
immobilization
a pulling force exerted on a limb in a distal direction in an effort to return the bone or joint to normal alignment
traction
a fracture treatment procedure in which pins are placed through the soft tissues and bone so that an external appliance can be used to hold the pieces of bone firmly in place during healing
external fixation
a fracture treatment in which a plate or pins are placed directly into the bone to hold the borken pieces in place
internal fixation
