Ch. 7 Flashcards
bronch/o, bronchi/o
bronchial tube, bronchus
laryng/o
larynx, throat
nas/o
nose
ox/i, ox/o, ox/y
oxygen
pharyng/o
throat, pharynx
phon/o
sound, voice
pleur/o
pleura, side of the body
-pnea
breathing
pneum/o, pneumon/o, pneu-
lung, air
pulm/o, pulmon/o
lung
sinus/o
sinus
somn/o
sleep
spir/o
to breathe
thorac/o, -thorax
chest, pleural cavity
trache/o, trachea
windpipe, trachea
nose(nostrils), mouth, pharynx, epiglottis, larynx, and trachea
the upper respiratory system
bronchial tree and lungs located and protected within the thoracic cavity
the lower respiratory system
ribcage
thorax
a wall of cartilage that divides the nose into two equal sections
nasal septum
the thin hairs located just inside the nostrils, filter incoming air to remove debris.
Cilia
Specialized tissues line the nose also line the digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems as well as other parts of the respiratory system.
Mucous membranes
a slippery secretion produced by the mucous membranes that protects and lubricates these tissues
mucus
nerve endings that act as the receptors for the sense of smell
olfactory receptors
part of the lymphatic system (CH.6) protect from infection coming in from nose or mouth. A.K.A. palatine tonsils(back of mouth) and nasopharyngeal tonsils (behind nose and roof of mouth)
tonsils and adenoids
air-filled cavities lined with mucous membrane, are located in the bones of the skull
paranasal sinuses
(near/nasal/pertaining to)
___located in the frontal bone just above eyebrows; ___located in the sphenoid bone behind the eye and under the pituitary gland, are close to optic nerve, and an infection here can damage vision; ___the largest of the paranasal sinuses, are located in the maxillary bones under the eyes; ___located in the ethmoid bones between the nose and the eyes, are irregularly shaped air cells that are separated from the orbital (eye) cavity only by a thin layer of bone.
frontal sinuses, sphenoid sinuses, maxillary sinuses, and ethmoid sinuses
commonly known as the throat, receives the air after it passes through the nose or mouth, as well as food
pharynx
posterior to nasal cavity and continues downward behind the mouth. (three divisions)
nasopharynx
(nose/throat)
the portion that is visible when looking into the mouth (three divisions)
oropharynx
(mouth/throat)
or/o
mouth
;where food and air cross paths. also shared by both the respiratory and digestive systems (air, food, fluids, continue down to openings of the esophagus and trachea)
laryngopharynx
(larynx/throat)
the voice box, a triangular chamber located between the pharynx and the trachea. contains the vocal cords and is supported by a series of separate cartilages. The thyroid cartilage is the largest and when enlarged projects from the front of the throat a.k.a the Adam’s apple.
larynx
a lid-like structure located at the base of the tongue, swings downward and closes off the laryngopharynx so that food does not enter the trachea and the lungs
epiglottis
role is to transport air to and from the lungs. A.K.A the windpipe, located directly in front of the esophagus.
trachea
two large tubes, brunch out from the trachea and convey air into the two lungs
bronchi
within the lung, each primary bronchus divides and subdivides into increasingly smaller_____, the smallest branches of the bronchi.
bronchioles
a.k.a. air sacs, are very small, grapelike clusters found at the end of each bronchiole. (Produces a detergent-like substance, known as surfactant, to reduce the surface tension of the fluid in the lungs.
alveoli
relating to or affecting the lungs
pulmonary
the essential organs of respiration, are divided into lobes
lungs
larger and has three lobes: the upper, middle, and lower (superior, middle, and inferior)
right lung
has only two lobes, the upper and lower, due to space restrictions because the heart is located on that side of the body
left lung
the middle section of the chest cavity and is located between the lungs.
mediastinum
a thin, moist, and slippery membrane that covers the outer surface of the lungs and lines the inner surface of the thoracic cavity
pleura
the outer layer of the pleura. It lines the walls of the thoracic cavity, cover the diaphragm, and forms the sac containing each lung.
parietal pleura
(parietal means relating to the walls of a cavity)
the inner layer of pleura that covers each lung, is attached directly to the lungs.
visceral pleura
(visceral means relating to the internal organs)
a.k.a_ space, the thin, fluid-filled space between the parietal and visceral pleural membranes.
pleural cavity
a dome-shaped sheet of muscle that separates the thoracic cavity from the abdomen
diaphragm
what thing stimulates the diaphragm and cause it to contract
phrenic nerves
breathing, is the exchange of oxygen for carbon dioxide that is essential to life
respiration
the act of taking in air as the diaphragm contracts and pulls downward
inhalation
the act of breathing out. As the diaphragm relaxes, it moves upward, causing the thoracic cavity to become narrower.
exhalation
the act of bringing air in and out of the lungs from outside environment and, in the process, exchanging oxygen for carbon dioxide
external respiation
the exchange of gases within the cells of the blood and tissues
internal respiration (a.k.a. cellular respiration)
a.k.a. ENT, a physician with specialized training in the diagnosis and treatment of diseases and disorders of the head and neck
otolaryngologist
(ear/larynx/specialist)
a physician who specializes in diagnosing and treating diseases and disorders of the respiratory system
pulmonologist (lung/specialist)
a licensed medical professional who specializes in treating patients who are having difficulty breathing, both in hospital and outpatients settings.
respiratory therapist (RT)
performs operations on the organs inside the thorax, or chest, including the heart, lungs, and esophagus.
thoracic surgeon
a group of lung diseases in which the bronchial airflow is obstructed, making it difficult to breathe out.
Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)
a disease in which the airways have become inflamed due to recurrent exposure to an inhaled irritant, usually cigarette smoke.
chronic bronchitis
(bronchus/inflammation)
the progressive, long-term loss of lung function, usually due to smoking.
Emphysema
a chronic inflammatory disease of the bronchial tubes, often triggered by an allergic reaction.
asthma
___characterized by episodes of severe breathing difficulty, coughing, and wheezing. (a breath sound caused by partially obstructed airway.)
asthma attack
the swelling and clogging of the bronchial tubes with mucus.
airway inflammation
a contraction of the smooth muscle in the walls of the bronchi and bronchioles, tightening and squeezing the airway shut
bronchospasm
(bronchi/involuntary contraction)
this and acute nasopharyngitis both describe the common cold.
upper respiratory infections (URI)
commonly referred to as an allergy, is an allergic reaction to airborne allergens that causes an increased flow of mucus.
allergic rhinitis
(nose/inflammation)
an acute respiratory infection in children and infants characterized by obstruction of the larynx, hoarseness, and swelling around the vocal cords resulting in a barking cough and stridor.
Croup
a.k.a. nosebleed, is bleeding from the nose that may be caused by dry air, injury, medication to prevent blood clotting, or high blood pressure.
Epistaxis
an acute, highly contagious viral infection characterized by respiratory inflammation, fever, chills, and muscle pain.
influenza
a.k.a. whooping cough, a contagious bacterial infection of the upper respiratory tract that is characterized by recurrent bouts of a paroxysmal(sudden or spasm like) cough, followed by breathlessness and a noisy inspiration.
pertussis
is a common, highly contagious viral infection spread by respiratory droplets.
respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
a.k.a. runny nose, the watery flow of mucus from the nose
rhinorrhea
(nose/abnormal discharge)
an inflammation of the sinuses
sinusitis
(sinus/inflammation)
a.k.a. sore throat, is an inflammation of the pharynx
Pharyngitis
(pharynx/inflammation)
the sudden spasmodic closure of the larynx
laryngospasm
(larynx/sudden involuntary contraction)
the loss of the ability of the larynx to produce normal speech sounds
aphonia
(without/sound or voice/abnormal condition)
difficulty in speaking, which may include any impairment in vocal quality, including hoarseness, weakness, or the cracking of a boy’s voice during puberty
dysphonia
(bad/sound or voice/abnormal condition)
an inflammation of the larynx
laryngitis
(larynx/inflammation)
a.k.a. chest cold, is inflammation of the bronchi usually caused by a viral infection
acute bronchitis
the permanent thickening of the walls if the bronchi, caused by chronic infection and inflammation
bronchiectasis
(bronchus/stretching or enlargement)
ectasis
stretching or enlargement
an excessive discharge of watery mucus from the bronchi
bronchorrhea
(bronchus/abnormal flow)
an inflammation of the pleura, the membranes that cover the lungs and line the pleural cavity.
pleurisy
a sharp chest pain that occurs when the inflamed pleural membranes rub against each other with each inhalation
pleurodynia
(pleura/pain)
the excess accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.
pleural effusion
the presence of pus in the pleural cavity between the layers of the pleural membrane resulting from bacterial infection
pyothorax
(pus/chest)
refers to a collection of pus in any body cavity
empyema
a collection of blood in the pleural cavity
hemothorax
(blood/chest)
the accumulation of air in the pleural space resulting in a pressure imbalance that causes the lung to fully or partially collapse
pneumothorax
(lung or air/chest)
a lung condition usually caused by trauma, pneumonia, smoke or fumes, inhaled vomit, or sepsis(systematic bacterial infection ch.5)
acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)
a.k.a. collapsed lung, the incomplete expansion of part of all of a lung due to a blockage of the or passages or pneumothorax.
atelectasis
a general term used to describe a localized area of inflammation
granuloma
(granular/tumor)
an accumulation of fluid in lung tissues, especially the alveoli
pulmonary edema
(edema=swelling)
the sudden blockage of a pulmonary artery by foreign matter or by an embolus that has formed in the leg or pelvic region
pulmonary embolism
an infectious disease caused by mycobacterium tuberculosis, usually attacks the lungs (can affect other parts of the body)
tuberculosis (TB)
a serious inflammation of the lungs in which the alveoli and air passages fill with pus and other fluids
pneumonia (PNA)
(lung/abnormal condition)
a localized form of pneumonia that often affects the bronchioles
bronchopneumonia
affects larger area of the lugs, often including one or more sections, or lobes, or a lung
lobar pneumonia
can occur when a foreign substance, such as vomit, is inhaled into the lungs
aspiration pneumonia
any pneumonia that results from contagious infection outside of a hospital or clinic.
community-acquired pneumonia (CAP)
most commonly caused by streptococcus pneumoniae
bacterial pneumonia
nosocomial, a type of pneumonia contracted during a stay in the hospital when a patient’s defenses are impaired
hospital-acquired pneumonia
a milder but longer-lasting form of the disease caused by bacteria mycoplasma pneumoniae
mycoplasma pneumonia
an opportunistic infection caused by the yeast-like fungus pneumocystis jirovecii
pneumocystis pneumonia
can be caused by several different types of viruses, accounts for approximately a third of all pneumonias.
viral pneumonia
refers to a group of almost 200 disorders that cause inflammation and scarring of the alveoli and their supporting structures
interstitial lung disease
the progressive formation of scar tissue in the lung, resulting in decreased lung capacity and increased difficulty breathing
pulmonary fibrosis
any fibrosis of the lung tissues cause by mineral dust in the lungs after prolonged environmental or occupational contact
pneumoconiosis
(lung/dust/abnormal condition or disease)
coni
dust
caused by asbestos particles in the lungs and usually occurs after working with asbestos
asbestosis
(asbestos/abnormal condition or disease)
caused by inhaling silica dust in the lungs and usually occurs after working in occupations including foundry work, quarrying, ceramics, glasswork, and sandblasting
silicosis
a life-threatening genetic disorder in which the lungs and pancreas are clogged with large quantities of abnormally thick mucus.
cystic fibrosis
the leading cause of cancer death in the United States, is a condition in which cancer cells form in the tissues of the lung.
lung cancer
easy or normal breathing
eupnea
(good/breathing)
the temporary absence of spontaneous respiration
apnea
(without/breathing)
an abnormally slow rate of respiration, usually of less than 10 breaths per minute.
bradypnea
(slow/breathing)
an irregular pattern of breathing characterized by alternating rapid or shallow respiration followed by slower respiration or apnea
Cheyne-Stokes respiration
an abnormally rapid rate of respiration, usually of more than 20 breaths per minute
tachypnea
(fast/breathing)
a.k.a. shortness of breath (SOB) is difficult or labored breathing
dyspnea
(painful/breathing)
commonly associated with exertion, is breathing that is deeper and more rapid than is normal at rest
hyperpnea
(excessive/breathing)
shallow or slow respiration
hypopnea
(decreased/breathing)
an abnormally rapid rate of deep respiration that is usually associated with anxiety
hyperventilation
a potentially serious disorder in which breathing repeatedly stops and starts during sleep for periods long enough to cause a measurable decrease in blood oxygen levels
sleep apnea
the act of coughing up and spitting out saliva, mucus, or other body fluid
expectoration
(cough-up/the state or action)
the expectoration of blood or blood-stained sputum derived from the lungs or bronchial tubes as the result of a pulmonary or bronchial hemorrhage
hemoptysis
(blood/spitting)
a.k.a choking, occurs when food or a foreign object partially or completely blocks the airway and prevents air from entering or leaving the lungs.
airway obstruction
the absence of oxygen from the body’s tissues and organs even thought there is an adequate flow of blood
anoxia
(without/oxygen/abnormal condition)
the condition of having deficient oxygen levels in the body’s tissues and organs; less severe than anoxia
hypoxia
(deficient/oxygen/abnormal condition)
the loss of consciousness that occurs when the body cannot get the oxygen it needs to function
asphyxia
a potentially fatal condition in which exposure to carbon monoxide from fire or poorly vented heaters in an enclosed area causes high concentrations of CO in the bloodstream, interfering with the body’s ability to utilize oxygen
carbon monoxide poisoning
a bluish discoloration of the skin and mucous membranes caused by a lack of adequate oxygen in the blood
cyanosis
(blue/abnormal condition or disease)
a.k.a. co2 retention, is the abnormal buildup or carbon dioxide in the blood
hypercapnia
(excessive/carbon dioxide/abnormal condition)
the condition of having low oxygen levels in the blood, usually due to respiratory disorders or heart conditions
hypoxemia
(deficient/oxygen/blood)
chemical damage and burns to the lungs caused by breathing in hot smoke containing products of combustion, including carbon monoxide
smoke inhalation
the sudden and unexplainable death of an apparently healthy sleeping infant between the ages of 1 month and 1 year
sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS)
the visual examination of the bronchi using a bronchoscope
bronchoscopy
(bronchus/direct visual examination)
a valuable tool for diagnosing pneumonia, lung cancer, pneumothorax, pleural effusion, tuberculosis, and emphysema
chest x-ray
the visual examination of the larynx and vocal cords using a flexible or rigid laryngoscope inserted through the mouth
laryngoscopy
(larynx/direct visual examination)
-scopy
visual examination
an inexpensive handheld device used by asthma patients to measure air flow out of the lungs, revealing any narrowing of the airways in advance of an asthma attack
peak flow meter
a.k.a. sleep study, measures physiological activity during sleep and is often performed to detect nocturn al defects in breathing associated with sleep apnea
polysomnography
a group of tests the measure volume and flow of air by using a spirometer.
pulmonary function tests (PFTs)
a recording device that measures the amount of air inhaled or exhaled and the length of time required for each breath
spirometer
(to breathe/measure)
an external monitor placed on the patient’s fingertip or earlobe to measure the oxygen saturation level in the blood
pulse oximeter
(oxygen/masure)
a procedure in which a sample of mucus is coughed up from the lungs and them examined under a microscope to detect cancer cells
sputum cytology
a test in which a sample of mucus is coughed up from the lungs and monitored for bacterial growth
sputum culture & sensitivity
phlegm ejected through the mouth that can be examined for diagnostic purposes
sputum
thick mucus secreted by the tissues lining the respiratory passages
phlegm
a screening test for tuberculosis in which a very small amount of tuberculin Purified Protein Derivative is injected just under the top layer of the skin on the forearm
tuberculin skin testing
a.k.a. cough medicine, administered to prevent or relieve coughing
antitussive
(against/cough/performs)
administered orally or intranasally to relieve nasal congestion from allergies or illness
decongestant
oral medication that makes it easier to cough up mucus by making it thinner and less viscous
expectorant
an inhaled medication that relaxes and expands the bronchial passages into the lungs
bronchodilator
administers a specific amount of medication such as a bronchodilator in aerosol form
metered-dose inhaler (MDI)
an electronic device that pumps air or oxygen through a liquid medicine to turn it into a mist, which is then inhaled by the patients via a face mask or mouthpiece
nebulizer
the passage of a tube through the mouth into the trachea to establish or maintain an open airway, especially when a patient must be placed on a ventilator
endotracheal intubation
(within/trachea/pertaining to)
a procedure performed using an endoscope in which chronic sinusitis is treated by enlarging the opening between the nose and sinus
functional endoscopic sinus surgery (FESS)
a surgical incision into the larynx, performed when the upper part of the airway is obstructed
laryngotomy
(larynx/surgical incision)
the surgical repair of parts of the nasal septum
septoplasty
(septum/surgical repair)
the surgical creation of a stoma into the trachea below the vocal cords to insert a temporary or permanent tube to facilitate breathing
tracheostomy
(trachea/surgically creating an opening)
a procedure in which an incision is made into the trachea to gain access to the airway below a blockage
(emergency) tracheotomy
the surgical removal of all or part of a lung
pneumonectomy
the surgical removal of a lobe of an organ, usually the lung, brain, liver, or thyroid gland
lobectomy
a surgery in which a small wedge-shaped piece of cancerous lung tissue is removed, along with a margin of healthy tissue around the corner
wedge resection
the surgical puncture of the chest wall with a needle to obtain fluid from the pleural cavity
thoracentesis
a surgical incision into the chest wall to open the pleural cavity for biopsy or treatment
thoracotomy
the use of a thoracoscope to view the inside of the pleural cavity through very small incisions
Video-assisted thoracic surgery (VATS)
a noninvasive ventilation device used in treatment of sleep apnea
CPAP machine
(Continuous Positive Airway Pressure)
it can be set at a higher pressure for inhaling and a lower pressure for exhaling; like a cpap machine
BiPAP machine
(Bilevel Positive Airway Pressure)
an emergency resuscitator used to assist ventilation
Ambu bag, or BVM (Bag Valve Mask)
a mechanical device for artificial respiration that is used to replace or supplement the patient’s natural breathing function
ventilator
administered when the patient is unable to maintain an adequate blood oxygen saturation level from breathing normal air
supplemental oxygen
involves breathing pure oxygen in a special chamber that allows air pressure to be raised up to three times higher than normal
Hyperbolic oxygen therapy (HBOT)
