Chapter 5B Flashcards
What is the process in which DNA is duplicated?
When one DNA molecule forms two DNA molecules
DNA Replication
Name the four bases that are found in DNA nucleotides. Which bases pair with each other?
(Make candy model)
Adenine/Thymine
or
Cytosine/Guanine
The bases always pair together AT or CG
List three differences between DNA and RNA.
RNA has a SINGLE chain of nucleotides. (DNA is DOUBLE helix)
RNA has different bases. Instead of thymine (DNA), RNA has uracil.
The sugar in RNA is different from the sugar in DNA
What type of RNA contains codons?
tRNA (carries three bases at a time)
The process of forming RNA from DNA is called
a. replication
b. translation
c. protein synthesis
d. transcription
A. Replication
Proteins are made of
a. nucleotides
b. codons
c. nucleic acids
d. amino acids
B. Codons
Which shows the correct sequence of events in forming a protein?
a. mRNA → DNA → protein
b. protein → DNA → mRNA
c. DNA → mRNA → protein
d. DNA → protein → mRNA
C. DNA then mRNA then protein
A group of four letters can make 64 different combinations. These rules describe the language of genes. In this language the four letters are called ______. The words that are made of three nucleotides each are called ______.
Nucleotides….
Codons
Describe the basic structure of a DNA molecule.
Sugar and phosphates on edges. Bases (ATCG) as steps
Explain the differences between DNA replication and RNA transcription.
Replication: A new DNA strand is created from scratch to act as DNA
Transcription: a DNA strand is ripped in half to create mRNA
Explain how the DNA code controls the production of protein molecules.
?
Summarize the process of protein synthesis.
After messenger RNA is made in the nucleus, the mRNA carries a working copy of DNA’s coded message out through pores in the nuclear membrane to a ribosome in the cytoplasm. Here, the code is read and the protein is made. The enzymes necessary to put amino acids together to make proteins are on the ribosomes. Manufacturing proteins inside a cell is called protein synthesis.
Defend the idea that protein synthesis implies the existence of an intelligent Designer.
?
Language of genetics: ACTG
GCTA + TAGC + CCGT + ACCG
letters (nucleotides)
words (codons)
sentences (genes)
…………
Letters = ? words = ? sentences = ?
All translated into proteins
Nucleotides
Codones
Genes
Nucleotides (letters) are arranged into ______?
Codons are arranged into _____?
Genes are the instructions for making _______?
Codons (words)
Genes (sentences)
Proteins
James Watson and Francis Crick worked out a model for the structure of deoxyribonucleic acid….
What is deoxyribonucleic acid?
DNA
Dr. Watson and Crick said the shape of DNA was like a twisted ladder, which is called a _____ _____?
Double helix
This British scientist was already studying DNA before Watson and Crick. They used HER work for their study… She died before she could get the Nobel prize….
Rosalind Franklin
The DNA Double Helix is made up of a combination of four nucleotides (letters).
Sugar, a phosphate, and two bases
The sugar and phosphate are the same in each nucleotide and on the ladder rung…. The bases are joined together
DNA contains its genetic information in a ____?
Code
The code is the arrangement of the ______ in the DNA molecule.
Bases
DNA is in the nucleus. Proteins are made outside the nucleus. So how does a cell know what protein to make if the genetic code is stuck in the nucleus? When a cell needs a certain protein, the gene for that protein makes _____?
RNA (ribonucleic acid)
Each nucleotide consists of a _____, ______ and _______?
Sugar
Phosphate and
Base
Protein synthesis occurs on which organelles?
Ribosomes (Ribo-nucleic Acid)
True or False: To form RNA, a section of DNA becomes unzipped
True
Because the RNA molecule contains a copy of the DNA’s coded message, it is called messenger RNA (mRNA).
Messenger RNA (mRNA)
The process of making a messenger RNA molecule is called ________. transcription
(A “working copy” of the DNA’s code is made)
Transcription
Manufacturing proteins inside a cell is called _____ _______.
Protein synthesis
Which molecules carry amino acids to the ribosome?
tRNA (transfer RNA)
One cell has over 20 different kinds of tRNA molecules. Each different kind of tRNA attaches to a different amino acid in the cytoplasm.
determines which amino acids will be used to make the protein and what order they will be used.
This brings those amino acids to the mRNA on the ribosome
mRNA
tRNA
To summarize, a protein contains at least one chain of amino acids. Transfer RNA molecules bring the amino acids to the messenger RNA on the ribosome and line them up according to the messenger RNA’s sequence of bases.
Each group of three bases is called a _____?
ATG, ATT, ATC
Codon
Protein Synthesis (make something)
Much is needed to form a protein: DNA, mRNA, tRNA, ribosomes, energy, enzymes, amino acids, and more
Creationist vs Evolutionists thoughts on genes and DNA?
Creationists (not evolutionists) believe information (DNA) must come from an intelligent source (God); it doesn’t arrive by chance (evolutionist). Therefore, DNA and protein synthesis testify to the existence of an intelligent Being Who designed and made life.
