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Science > Chapter 5A > Flashcards

Chapter 5A Flashcards

0
Q

A cell that has pairs of chromosomes is called a _____ cell.

Hint: pair means 2

A

Diploid

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1
Q

True or False: Genes are composed of chromosomes

A

False.

Chromosomes are comprised of genes

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2
Q

A diploid human cell contains what?

a. 23 chromosomes
b. 23 pairs of chromosomes
c. 46 chromosomes
d. 46 pairs of chromosomes
e. both A and D
f. both B and C

A

F

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3
Q

List the three stages of the cell cycle in the proper order.

A

interphase —-> mitosis —-> cytokinesis

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4
Q

List the four phases of mitosis in the proper order.
In which phase of mitosis would you not find sister
chromatids?
a. prophase
b. anaphase
c. metaphase
d. telophase

A

Telophase

mitosis begins after sister chromatids are formed. But by telophase (last), they aren’t chromatids, they are new chromosomes.

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5
Q

When is a cell’s genetic material duplicated?

a. during prophase
b. during mitosis
c. during interphase
d. during cytokinesis

A

C. Interphase

very first step in cycle is copy genetic material

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6
Q

What happens during cytokinesis?

A

Each daughter cell gets its organelles and the cytoplasm splits creating two new daughter cells

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7
Q

List three possible functions of mitosis.

A

1) renewal and repair ( for example when Ur finger cuts)
2)cell division (growth), making multicellular organism which is developed from a single cell Zygote
3) cell division:
and the result of Mitosis should be 2 genetically identical daughter cells. each daughter cells receive an exact copy of the genetic material DNA.
4) replacing the cells that die from normal wear and tear or accident.

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8
Q

(True or False) Asexual reproduction results in offspring that are different from both the mother and the father.

A

False.

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9
Q

Does regeneration always result in the formation of a new organism? Explain your answer.

A

No. Sometimes it makes new organism, other times it just repairs or replaces body parts

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10
Q

Gametes are produced by
a. mitosis

b. meiosis
c. respiration
d. asexual reproduction

A

Meiosis

Gametes are cells with single chromosomes looking to mate with another chromosome.

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11
Q

The combining of gametes to form a diploid zygote is called __________.

A

Fertilization

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12
Q

Give a good example of an essential body function (like cell growth) that can be harmful.

Hint: this disease is caused by damage to the DNA code.

A

Cancer

The cells of a cancer victim keep dividing over and over again, copying the damaged code.

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13
Q

Explain the relationship between genes and chromosomes:

A

Chromosomes are full of genes. Genes are like blueprints, and chromosomes are like file cabinets holding blueprints.

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14
Q

What’s the difference between a haploid and a diploid chromosome number?

A

Diploid has pairs of chromosomes. Haploids have single strands of chromosomes,

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15
Q

Describe the three stages of the cell cycle.

A

Interphase: cell performs normal functions, grows and makes new genetic material. Also the longest phase of cycle

Mitosis: when cell creates two nucleus, copies chromosomes and prepares to split. Prophase creates sister chromatids. Metaphase the chromatids are in Xs in a straight line. Anaphase, creates sister chromatids and start to pull apart. Telophase chromosomes are split far apart and two nucleus membranes form. Original nucleus has a copy.

Cytokinesis: cytoplasm pinches and splits, identical daughter cell created,

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16
Q

Name and describe the four phases of mitosis in order.

A

Prophase creates sister chromatids.

Metaphase the chromatids are in Xs in a straight line.

Anaphase, creates sister chromatids and start to pull apart.

Telophase chromosomes are split far apart and two nucleus membranes form. Original nucleus has a copy.

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17
Q

Compare the similarities and differences of asexual reproduction and sexual reproduction.

A

?

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18
Q

The cell’s blueprints are called ______. They contain the information needed to build everything about a cells and the cell products. They also contain information for producing an organism’s visible traits, such as eye color and hair color.

A

Genes

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19
Q

Think of an office building that has blueprints to build something.

Room where computers stored =

Computers that store blueprints =

Blueprints =

A

Room where computers stored = nucleus

Computers that store blueprints = chromosomes

Blueprints = genes (DNA)

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20
Q

True or False: All chromosomes have the same number of genes.

A

False

Some chromosomes have just a few genes and are short, while others have many genes and are long

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21
Q

True or False: Each cell of an organism usually contains a complete set of all the organism’s chromosomes.

A

True

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22
Q

True or False: All animals have the same number of chromosomes as other animals?

A

False

The chromosome number of different organisms may vary greatly…. But, the cells of each organism usually has same # of chromosomes. ie all humans normally have 46 chromosomes in EACH cell

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23
Q

This number tells you how many TOTAL chromosomes an organism has in each cell:

A

Chromosome number

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25
Q

True or False: Each chromosome has its own purpose. So each chromosome has the same genes in them?

A

True

Chromosome pair #10 could determine eye color. Both chromosomes have same genes, but could have different codes. (Mommy has brown and blue genes, daddy only has blue. You got blue)

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26
Q

What is “cell division”?

A

one cell (the parent cell) divides to produce two new cells (daughter cells)

Parent cell Splits Daughter cells
( . ) —-> ( | ) —–> ( . )( . )

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27
Q

A cell goes through three stages before it can as divide into two new cells. What are the three stages?

A

interphase
mitosis
cytokinesis

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28
Q

What is the first stage of cell division, and what happens?

A

interphase

A fuzzy copy of chromosomes and genes are created (blueprints make a new copy of blueprints)

29
Q

When all the genes of a chromosome have been duplicated during INTERPHASE, the two identical chromosome strands are called?

A

Sister chromatids

Parent same cell
Chromosomes with chromatids
|| ) ————-> ( || { {

30
Q

True or false: Mitosis only occurs in eukaryotic cells

A

True

They must have a nucleus with a membrane

31
Q

What is a healthy human’s chromosome number?

How many pairs of chromosomes does each cell in a human have? Why are they in pairs?

(See photo of karyotype)

A

46
23

Chromosomes are in pairs. Each pair has one from the father, one from the mother…

32
Q

Which stage does a cell spend most of its time in the cell cycle?

A

Interphase (the first phase)

33
Q

What is a picture of all of a cell’s chromosomes called?

A

Karyotype

34
Q

Mitosis has four stages:

See photo

A

prophase
metaphase
anaphase
telophase

35
Q

What is the second stage of cell division? What happens?

A

Mitosis

A new nucleus is formed, and the cells parent chromosomes are turned into two new pairs of chromosomes.

36
Q

True or False:

Mitosis begins AFTER the sister chromatids have formed

A

True. (That happens in stage 1)

37
Q

This second step in Mitosis is when all the sister chromatids are lined up at the center of the spindle.

A

Metaphase

38
Q

This fourth (last) step of Mitosis, the daughter chromosomes reach the ends of the spindle and begin to uncoil. As they uncoil, the spindle disappears and new nuclear membranes form around each group of chromosomes. This results in two new nuclei, each containing a complete copy of the cell’s chromosomes.

A

Telophase

39
Q

Essay: describe Cell Division and what happens in each phase:

A

Interphase: cell grows in size, produces proteins, and makes copies of its chromosomes.

Mitosis: divides copied chromosomes into two equal sets

Cytokinesis: cytoplasm is divided, resulting in two new daughter cells

40
Q

What is the last stage in the cell cycle?

A

Cytokinesis (CYTOplasm splits)

41
Q

Which stage in the cell cycle do the new daughter cell gets their cytoplasm and organelles.

A

Cytokenisis

42
Q

After all the organelles are made and cytoplasm splits, does it matter if one daughter cell gets more “stuff” than the other? the cell splits

A

No. Both new cells have same genes to make any new parts they need

43
Q

What is the purpose of mitosis (also known as mitotic cell division)?

A

to ensure that each new daughter cell has genes identical to those in the original parent cell.

44
Q

True or False: Multicellular organisms replace dead or wornout cells by mitotic cell division

A

True.

45
Q

Some unicellular organisms use Mitosis to reproduce. (No partner needed). In eukaryotic organisms, reproduction by mitotic cell division is called ______ _______.

A

Asexual reproduction

46
Q

An amoeba is a unicellular organism. How does it reproduce every 3 days (make more amoebas)?

A

Asexual reproduction

47
Q

Which type of reproduction do the offspring look EXACTLY like its parent?

A

Asexual reproduction

48
Q

One type of asexual reproduction (yeast) goes through mitosis and then a small bulge (bud) forms into an identical cell..

A

Budding

49
Q

The process of regrowing missing body parts is called _____? Its done to repair or to reproduce.

A

Regeneration

50
Q

After some cells conduct mitosis, these new cells covered by a protective covering are released… Like bread mold

A

Spores

51
Q

List three types of asexual reproduction:

A
  1. Budding (yeast)
  2. Regeneration (planarians, NOT starfish)
  3. Spores (mold)
52
Q

This type of reproduction occurs when two organisms each give one complete copy of their genes to form a new organism.

A

Sexual reproduction

53
Q

The copies of genetic information used during sexual reproduction are divided during a process called meiosis.

A

Meiosis

54
Q

True or False: Meiosis involves two cell divisions, whereas mitosis only has one.

(See meiosis photo)

A

True

Genetic material is doubled before meiosis, just as it is before mitosis. However, meiosis adds another step—the two new daughter cells separate their chromosomes into single copies. (Because offspring inky needs one chromosome from each parent)

55
Q

When meiosis is completed, there are four new daughter cells, each with just one copy of the genes. These special reproductive cells are called ______?

A

Gametes

56
Q

A cell that has only ONE of each chromosome has half the number of chromosomes that diploid cells have:

A

Haploid cell

57
Q

How many chromosomes do diploids have:

Haploids?

A

46

23

58
Q

What is the function of a gamete cell?

A

Reproduction

59
Q

In most organisms, meiosis produces one of two types of gametes. (Male and female)

A

Eggs or Sperm

60
Q

How many chromosomes does a male gamete have (sperm)?

How many chromosomes does a male gamete have (egg)?

A

23

61
Q

When two gametes combine it is called?

A

Fertilization

62
Q

This occurs when two haploid gametes (one egg and one sperm) unite and form a diploid cell.

A

Fertilization

63
Q

The diploid cell that results from fertilization is called a

A

Zygote

64
Q

What is different about the offspring made through asexual and sexual reproduction

A

Asexual: offspring is identical to parent

Sexual: offspring has variety

65
Q

These are formed during the prophase step of Mitosis… They move the chromosomes apart in later phases

A

Spindle

66
Q

How are mitosis and meiosis different in these areas:

number of cell divisions
type of cell produced
genetic makeup of the offspring

A

number of cell divisions: 2

type of cell produced: diploid vs haploid
genetic makeup of the offspring: identical vs variety

67
Q

This is the first step in Mitosis:

the membrane around the nucleus disappears and the chromosomes begin to coil up. When they coil, they no longer look like a fuzzy mass. Instead, they are visible as individual chromosomes.

A

Prophase

67
Q

During this 3rd step of Mitosis, each pair of sister chromatids separates into two chromosomes. These daughter chromosomes then move along the spindle fibers to opposite ends of the cell.

A

Anaphase

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