Chapter 5.7 - Landing Performance

Question 1

Define LDA (2)?

Answer 1

• Landing Distance Available.

- The distance from the 50-foot point to touchdown plus the Landing Roll.

Question 2

How can a Pilot maximise Aerodynamic Braking when Landing an Aircraft?

Answer 2

By holding the Nose Wheel off the ground for as long as possible.

Question 3

Define Vat Speed (2)?

Answer 3

• Approach/Target Threshold Speed.

- A speed no less than 30% higher than the Stall Speed in the Landing Configuration.

Question 4

Describe what a Landing consists of (4)?

Answer 4

• 50-foot point.
• Flare.
• Touchdown.
• Ground Roll.

Question 5

Name two considerations if an Aircraft uses an incorrect Approach Speed?

Answer 5

• It will take a greater distance to decelerate.

- Wear and tear on the brakes/tyres can cause overheating/blow out.

Question 6

A high Approach Speed will alter the Flare properties and cause the Aircraft to do what?

Answer 6

Float a greater distance.

Question 7

Name two factors which can affect Landing Distance?

Answer 7

• Deceleration.

- Landing Speed.

Question 8

Describe the Flare Technique (3)?

Answer 8

• Reduce Power to Idling.
• Apply back pressure to Control Yoke.
• Main Wheels should touchdown first in a Nose-up Attitude (for Aerodynamic Braking).

Question 9

Name three factors which the Gross Weight of an Aircraft can affect the Landing Distance?

Answer 9

• Increase in Weight requires an increase in Approach Speed.
• Increase in Weight increases the Inertia which requires a longer period of Deceleration.
• Increase in Weight increases the retarding force produced by rolling friction.

Question 10

True or False. For Light Training Aircraft (Cessna), the increase in Density Height has a major implication on Landing Distance?

Answer 10

False.

Question 11

True or False. The larger the Aircraft, the greater the effect of Density Reduction?

Answer 11

True.

Question 12

Which wind conditions is most favourable for a Landing (1) and why (3)?

Answer 12

• Headwind.
• Less Deceleration.
• Lower Groundspeed at Touchdown.
• Brakes more effective at lower speeds.

Question 13

How should brakes by applied once an Aircraft has Landed?

Answer 13

Applied firmly with even pressure on both pedals.

Question 14

What happens if the main Landing Gear stop/skid?

Answer 14

Pressure on pedals should be reduced.

Question 15

Brake effectiveness will be improved by maintaining the Maximum Weight possible on the main Landing Gear. How can this be actioned by a Pilot when Landing (2)?

Answer 15

• Reducing the Angle of Attack.

- Keeping the Nose Wheel off the ground.

Question 16

Aerodynamic Braking/Drag is another element of the Decelerating force. How can a Pilot increase the Drag when Landing (2)?

Answer 16

• Maintaining a high Angle of Attack.

- Leaving the Flaps DOWN.

Question 17

When Landing Distance is critical, what should a Pilot do (3)?

Answer 17

• Lower the Nose Wheel as soon as possible.
• Raise the Flaps.
• Apply Maximum Braking.

Question 18

What’s the main objective for the main Landing Gear when Landing Distance is critical?

Answer 18

To apply as much Weight as possible.

Question 19

What’s the main objective for the Aircraft when Landing Distance is not critical?

Answer 19

To minimise the use of braking action.

Question 20

Name two ways a Slope can affect the Landing Distance?

Answer 20

• Upward slope adds to the Retarding Forces.

- Downward slope reduces to Deceleration.

Question 21

How can Runway Surfaces reduce the Landing Distance?

Answer 21

Any surfaces which increases Rolling Friction will increase the Deceleration and more effective braking.

Question 22

Name two factors which Runway Surfaces can affect the Landing Distance and explain why?

Answer 22

• Soft Ground. This can make control of the Aircraft difficult.
• Wet/Slippery Surface. May reduce effectiveness of braking action.

Question 23

True or False. Flooding/Water Patches on a Runway Surface can have both a positive and negative effect on Landing Distance. Why (2)?

Answer 23

• True.

- The Runway Surfaces can provide Drag and limited effectiveness on Braking.

Question 24

Define Hydroplaning?

Answer 24

Where the wheels of a vehicle can ride on the sheet of the water instead of the underlying surface.

Question 25

Name three types of Hydroplaning?

Answer 25

• Dynamic Hydroplaning.
• Viscous Hydroplaning.
• Reverted/Melted-Rubber Hydroplaning.

Question 26

Name two factors as to why large Flap deflection will decrease the Landing Distance?

Answer 26

• Reduction in Stall Speed means lower Approach Speed.

- Retarding Force is increased as a result of the increasing Drag.

Question 27

How can Wind Gustiness affect the Landing Distance?

Answer 27

By upsetting the Flare and Touchdown.

Question 28

When Gusty Conditions exists, good Airmanship dictates a Pilot should add extra to their Approach Speed. How much extra is needed?

Answer 28

5 to 10 knots.

Question 29

Define Ground Effect?

Answer 29

Reduction in Induced Drag when the Aircraft is close to the Runway/Landing.

Question 30

What can Ground Effect lead to?

Answer 30

Prolonging of the Flare and increase the Landing Distance.

Question 31

According to the Landing Performance Chart, what two factors degrades the Landing Performance at MLDW?

Answer 31

• Tailwind Component.

- Downslope.

Question 32

Define LDR (2)?

Answer 32

• Landing Distance Required.

- The distance from the 50-foot point to full stop plus safety margin.

Question 33

What percentage is the Landing-Climb Gradient?

Answer 33

3.2%.

Question 34

Landing Weight Charts can be used to find which two factors?

Answer 34

• Maximum Landing Weight for a particular Landing Distance Available.
• Landing Distance Required for a particular Gross Weight at Landing.

Question 35

Name three Landing Parameters found in a Landing Weight Chart?

Answer 35

• Flat Setting.
• Approach Speed.
• Landing Distance Safety Factor.