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AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary > Chapter 5 - Respiratory System Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 5 - Respiratory System Vocabulary Flashcards

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0
Q

alveoli

A

Tiny sacs of lung tissue in which gas exchange takes place

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1
Q

Alveolar ducts

A

Ducts formed from division of the respiratory bronchioles in the lower airway; each Duct ends in clusters known as alveoli

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2
Q

Alveolocapillary membrane

A

Very thin membrane, consisting of only one cell layer, that lies between the alveolus and capillary, through which respiratory exchange between alveolus and the blood vessels occurs. Also known as the pulmonary capillary membrane

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3
Q

Asbestosis

A

A disease of the lungs caused by inhalation of asbestos particles

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4
Q

Asthma

A

A chronic inflammatory lower airway condition resulting in intermittent wheezing and excess mucus production

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5
Q

Bicarbonate ions

A

Ions related to carbonic acid; they are formed from carbon dioxide transport mechanism

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6
Q

Black lung disease

A

A disease of the lung cause by consistent inhalation of coal dust

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7
Q

Bronchial arteries

A

Arteries that branch off of the thoracic aorta and supply the lung tissue with blood

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8
Q

Bronchial veins

A

veins that return deoxygenated blood to the heart from the lungs

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9
Q

Bronchioles

A

Find subdivisions of the bronchi that give rise to the alveolar ducts; made of smooth muscle and dilate or constrict in response to various stimuli

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10
Q

Bronchodilator

A

Medication that is designed to improve lung function by widening the bronchial tubes

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11
Q

Carbaminohemoglobin

A

The bond of carbon dioxide with hemoglobin

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12
Q

Carbonic anhydrase

A

An enzyme in red blood cells that speeds reaction of carbon dioxide and water, resulting in carbonic acid

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13
Q

Carina

A

A ridgelike projection of tracheal cartilage located where the trachea bifurcates into the right and left mainstem bronchi

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14
Q

Chronic bronchitis

A

A chronic inflammatory condition affecting the bronchi that is associated with excess mucus production that results from overgrowth of the mucous glands in the airways

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15
Q

Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD)

A

A progressive and irreversible disease of the airway marked by decreased inspiratory and expiratory capacity of the lungs

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16
Q

Conchae

A

Three bony ridges contained within the lateral walls of the nasopharynx

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17
Q

diffusion

A

The process in which molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

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18
Q

Emphysema

A

The infiltration of any tissue by air or gas; a chronic obstructive pulmonary disease characterized by distention of the alveoli and destructive changes in the lung parenchyma

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19
Q

Epiglottis

A

A leaf-shaped cartilaginous structure that closes over the trachea during swallowing

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20
Q

Esophagus

A

Collapsible tube that extends from the pharynx to the stomach; contractions of the muscle in the wall of the esophagus propel food and liquids to the stomach

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21
Q

Expiration

A

Exhalation

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22
Q

Expiratory reserve volume

A

Supplemental air; additional air that is expelled from the lungs due to forced exhalation

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23
Q

External nares

A

The external openings in the nasal cavity; also called the nostrils

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24
Q

Forced expiratory vital capacity

A

The volume of air exhaled from the lungs following a forceful exhalation

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25
Q

functional residual capacity

A

Expiratory reserve volume plus residual volume

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26
Q

glottis

A

The vocal chords and the opening between them

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27
Q

Hard palate

A

The floor of the nasal cavity

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28
Q

Hemoglobin

A

The iron containing protein in the red blood cells

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29
Q

Hilum

A

The point of entry for the bronchi, vessels, and nerves into each lung

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30
Q

Hyperventilation

A

Deep, rapid breathing; it lowers blood carbon dioxide levels

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31
Q

Hypoxia

A

A deficiency of oxygen reaching the tissues

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32
Q

Inspiration

A

Inhalation

33
Q

Inspiratory capacity

A

Tidal volume plus inspiratory reserve volume

34
Q

Inspiratory reserve volume

A

Additional air that enters the lungs due to forced inspiration

35
Q

Interior nares

A

The posterior opening for the nasopharynx into the pharynx

36
Q

Larynx

A

A complete structure formed by the epiglottis, thyroid cartilage, cricoid cartilage, arytenoid cartilage, corniculate cartilage, and cuneiform cartilage; the voice box

37
Q

Lingula

A

A small portion of the left lung that is the equivalent of the middle lobe in the right lung

38
Q

Lungs

A

The two primary organs of breathing

39
Q

Mainstem bronchi

A

The part of the lower airway below the larynx through which air enters the lungs

40
Q

medullary respiratory center

A

The dorsal and ventral responsory groups in the medulla oblongata as well as the respiratory groups of the Pons

41
Q

Nasal septum

A

The rigid partition composed of bone and cartilage that separates the right and left nostrils

42
Q

Nasolacrimal ducts

A

The passage through which tears drain from the lacrimal sac into the nasal cavity

43
Q

Nasopharynx

A

The nasal cavity (the portion of the fairings that lives above the level of the roof of the mouth); formed by the union of the facial bones

44
Q

Oropharynx

A

A tubular structure that forms the posterior portion of the oral cavity, extending vertically from the back of the mouth to the esophagus and trachea

45
Q

Oxyhemoglobin

A

The combination of oxygen that diffuses into the blood and the hemoglobin molecule

46
Q

Parietal pleura

A

The membrane that lines the walls of the plural cavity

47
Q

Partial pressure

A

The amount of pressure each gas contributes to diffusion

48
Q

Partial pressure of carbon dioxide (Paco2)

A

A measurement of the percentage of carbon dioxide in the blood

49
Q

Partial pressure of oxygen (Pao2)

A

A measurement of the percentage of oxygen in the blood

50
Q

pH

A

The measure of acidity or alkalinity of a solution

51
Q

Pharynx

A

The cavity lying posterior to the mouth, connecting to the esophagus; the throat

52
Q

Pleura

A

The serous membranes covering the lungs and lining the thoracic cavity, completely enclosing a potential space known as the pleural space

53
Q

Pleural space

A

A potential space between the visceral plural and parietal pleura; it is described as potential because under normal circumstances, the space does not exist

54
Q

Primary respiratory acidosis

A

A decrease in the blood pH secondary to insufficient exhalation of CO2

55
Q

Primary respiratory alkalosis

A

An increase in the blood pH secondary to excessive exhalation of CO2

56
Q

Residual volume

A

The volume of air remaining in the respiratory passages and lungs after maximal expiration

57
Q

Respiratory areas

A

Parts of the brain that control inspiration and expiration

58
Q

Respiratory bronchioles

A

Structures formed by the final branching of the bronchioles

59
Q

Respiratory capacities

A

The four capacities created by the combination of two or more of the respiratory volumes

60
Q

Respiratory cycle

A

One cycle of inspiration followed by expiration

61
Q

Respiratory membrane

A

Layers of an alveolus that separate air from blood and a capillary; it is where blood and alveolar air exchange gases. Also known as the pulmonary capillary membrane or the alveolar capillary membrane

62
Q

Respiratory system

A

All the structures of the body that contribute to the process of breathing, including the upper and lower airways and their component parts

63
Q

Respiratory volumes

A

Four distinct volumes involved in respirations: tidal volume, inspiratory reserve volume, expiratory reserve volume, and residual volume

64
Q

Resting tidal volume

A

The volume that leaves during a normal, resting expiration (about 500 mL)

65
Q

Restrictive lung disease

A

Diseases that limit the ability of the lungs to expand appropriately

66
Q

Secondary bronchi

A

Airway passages in the lungs that are formed from the division of the right and left main stem bronchi

67
Q

Spirometer

A

A device used in pulmonary function testing that measures air entering and leaving the lungs over a specific period of time

68
Q

Surface tension

A

An effect that makes it difficult for the alveoli to inflate; it is caused by attraction of water molecules

69
Q

Surfactant

A

A mixture of lipids and proteins synthesized to reduce the tendency of alveolar collapse and to ease alveolar inflation

70
Q

Tertiary bronchi

A

Airway passages in the lungs that are formed from branching of the secondary bronchi

71
Q

Tidal volume

A

A measure of the depth of breathing; the volume of air that is inhaled or exhaled during a single respiratory cycle

72
Q

Total lung capacity

A

Vital capacity plus residual volume

73
Q

Trachea

A

The conduit for all entry into the lungs; a tubular structure that is approximately 10-12 cm long and composed of a series of C-shaped cartilaginous rings; also called the windpipe

74
Q

True vocal cords

A

The inferior portion of the vocal cords that vibrate to produce sound

75
Q

Turbinates

A

A set of bony convolutions formed by the conchae in the nasopharynx that help to maintain smooth airflow

76
Q

Uvula

A

A soft – tissue structure that resembles a punching bag; located in the posterior aspect of the oral cavity, at the base of the tongue

77
Q

Ventilation

A

The process of exchanging air between the lungs and the environment; includes inhalation and exhalation

78
Q

vestibular folds

A

The superior portion of the vocal cords; also called the false vocal cords

79
Q

Visceral pleura

A

The pleural membrane that covers the lungs

80
Q

Vital capacity

A

The amount of air moved in and out of the lungs with maximum inspiration and exhalation

AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary (13 decks)

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