Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary > Chapter 2 – Cells Vocabulary > Flashcards

Chapter 2 – Cells Vocabulary Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
Vocab Builder flashcards
0
Q

Adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

A

The major source of energy for all chemical reactions of the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
1
Q

Active transport

A

A method used to move compounds across a cell membrane to create or maintain an imbalance of charges, usually against a concentration gradient and requiring the expenditure of energy

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Adipose (fat) tissue

A

A type of connective tissue that contains large amounts of fat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Antecubital fossa

A

The anterior surface of the bend of the Elbow

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Anterior triangle

A

The area of the neck that is bordered by the sternocleidomastoid muscle, the anterior midline of the neck, and the inferior border of the mandible

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Appendicular region

A

A division of the skeletal system that includes the extremities and their attachments to the body

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Axial region

A

A division of the skeletal system that includes the head, neck, and trunk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

Axilla

A

The armpit

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Axons

A

Components of the nerves that conduct impulses to adjacent cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Basement membrane

A

The noncellular layer in an epithelial cell the anchors the overlying epithelial tissue

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

Body cavities

A

Hollow areas within the body that contain organs and organ systems

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

Cardiac muscle tissue

A

Striated involuntary muscle that has the capacity to generate and conduct electrical impulses

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Carotid triangle

A

Area of the anterior triangle of the neck that contains the carotid artery and internal jugular vein

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Cell membrane

A

The cell wall; a selectively permeable layer of cells that surrounds intracellular content and controls movement of substances into and out of the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

Cells

A

The basic building blocks of life, made up of protoplasm (cytoplasm); specialized for particular functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Centrioles

A

Organelles that are essential in cell division

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Columnar epithelium

A

Rolls of tall, thin epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Chromosomes

A

Structures containing DNA within the cells nucleus; human cells containing 23 pairs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Cilia

A

The hair like microtubule projecting on the surface of a cell that can move materials over the cell surface

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Concentration gradient

A

The natural tendency for substance to flow from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration, within or outside the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Cranial cavity

A

The hollow portion of the skull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Crenation

A

Shrinkage of a cell that result when to much water leaves the cell through osmosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Cuboidal epithelium

A

Rows of square shaped epithelial cells

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Cytoplasm

A

The gel like material inside a cell. It makes up most of the cells volume, and suspends the cells organelles; also called protoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Cytosol

A

The clear liquid portion of the cytoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

Dendrites

A

Components of the neuron that receives impulses from the axon and contain vesicles for release of neurotransmitters

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Deoxyribosenucleic acid (DNA)

A

The genetic material found on the chromosomes in the cells nucleus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

diffusion

A

A process where molecules move from an area of higher concentration to an area of lower concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

Dysrhythmias

A

Disturbances in cardiac rhythm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

Electrolytes

A

Salt or acid is substances that become ionic conductors when dissolved in a solvent (water); chemicals dissolved in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

Electrons

A

negatively charged particles that revolve around the nucleus of an atom

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

Endocytosis

A

The uptake of material through the cell membrane by a membrane-bound droplet or vesicle formed within the cells protoplasm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

Endoplasmic reticulum

A

A series of membranes in which proteins and fats are manufactured

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

Exocytosis

A

The release of secretions from cells that have been accumulated in vesicles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

Extracellular

A

Substances located outside of the cell membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

Extracellular fluid (ECF)

A

Fluid outside of the cell, in which most of the bodies supply of sodium is contained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

Facilitated diffusion

A

The process whereby a carrier molecule move substances in or out of the cell from areas of high or too low or concentration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Flagella

A

Tail-like microtubule structures capable of motion to propel the cell

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

Fontanelles

A

Areas in the infants skull where the sutures between the skull bones have not yet closed

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

Girdles

A

Bony structures that attach the limbs to the body (hip and shoulder)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

Golgi apparatus

A

A set of membranes in the protoplasm involved in the formation of sugars and complex proteins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

Hemothorax

A

An abnormal cumulation of bloody fluid within the plural space following trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

Hyperkalemia

A

A excessive amount of potassium in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

Hypernatremia

A

A serum sodium level of greater then 145 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

Hyperosmolar hyperglycemic nonketotic coma (HHNC)

A

A diabetic emergency that occurs from a relative insulin deficiency, resulting in hyperglycemia, hyperosmolarity, and an absence of significant ketosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Hypoglycemia

A

Abnormally low blood glucose levels

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

Hypokalemia

A

A low concentration of potassium in the blood

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

Hyponatremia

A

A serum sodium level that is less then 135 mEq/L

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

Hypoxia

A

A dangerous condition in which the supply of oxygen to the tissues is reduced

49
Q

integument

A

Skin, the covering of the body surface

50
Q

Intracellular

A

Substances, such as organelles, that are found inside the cell membrane

51
Q

Ion channels

A

Proteins – lined pours or transport channels, specifically size for each substance, which allow electrolyte movement among the cell

52
Q

Intracellular fluid (ICF)

A

Fluid within cells in which most of the bodies supply of potassium is contained

53
Q

lysis

A

The process of disintegration or breakdown of cells that occur when excess water enters the cell through osmosis

54
Q

Lysosomes

A

Membrane – bound vesicles that contain a variety of enzymes functioning as a cells digestive system

55
Q

Mediastinum

A

The space between the lungs, in the center of the chest, that contains the heart, trachea, mainstem bronchi, part of the esophagus , and large blood vessels

56
Q

meiosis

A

A specialized form of cell division that results in the production of mature sperm and ova

57
Q

Microtubules

A

Hollow filamentous structures that make up various components of the cell

58
Q

Mitochondria

A

Small, rod like organelles that function as metabolic center of the cell and produce adenosine triphosphate (ATP)

59
Q

Mitosis

A

The division of chromosomes in a cell nucleus

60
Q

Nervous tissue

A

Neurons and neuroglia

61
Q

Neuroglia

A

Collectively, the name for the collective and supporting tissues of the nervous tissue

62
Q

Neurons

A

The main functional unit of the nervous system

63
Q

Neutrons

A

Uncharged or “neutral” particles in the nucleus of an atom

64
Q

Nonstriated

A

Smooth muscle tissue

65
Q

Nuclear envelope

A

The membrane that surrounds the nucleus of the cell

66
Q

Nucleoli

A

Rounded, dense structures in the protoplasm that contain RNA and synthesize proteins

67
Q

Nucleus

A

The nerve center, a central body, of the cell, embedded within the protoplasm

68
Q

Organ system

A

A group of organs that have a common purpose, such as the skeleton and muscles

69
Q

Organelles

A

The internal structures within the cells that carry out specific functions for the cell

70
Q

Organism

A

An individual living thing; made up of various organ systems

71
Q

Organs

A

Different types of tissues working together to perform a particular function

72
Q

Osmosis

A

The movement of a solvent, such as water, from an area of low solute concentration to one of high concentration through a selectively permeable membrane to equalize concentrations of a solute on both sides of the membrane.

73
Q

Osmotic pressure

A

The measure of the tendency of water to move by osmosis across a membrane

74
Q

Parietal portion

A

The portion of the service membrane that lines the walls of the trunk cavities

75
Q

Pericardial cavity

A

The region around the heart

76
Q

Pericardial effusion

A

An abnormal accumulation of fluid within the pericardial sac

77
Q

Pericardial Tamponade

A

A condition that occurs as fluid accumulates around the heart, which restricts the hearts stroke volume

78
Q

Pericardial sac

A

The lubricated potential space between the layers of the pericardium

79
Q

Pericardium

A

The service membrane that surrounds the heart

80
Q

Peripheral nerves

A

The nerves that extend from the brain and spinal cord to various parts of the body by exiting between the vertebrae of the spine

81
Q

Peritonitis

A

Inflammation of the Peritoneum, the protective membrane that lines the abdominal and pelvic cavity

82
Q

Phagocytosis

A

The process in which one cell eats or engulfs a foreign substance to destroy it

83
Q

Pinocytosis

A

A process by which cells ingest the extracellular fluid and its content

84
Q

Pleura

A

The serous membrane covering the lungs and lining of the thoracic cavity

85
Q

Pleural space

A

The potential space between the visceral and parietal pleura

86
Q

Pleural fluid

A

The small amount of lubricating fluid that fills the pleural space

87
Q

Pneumothorax

A

An abnormal accumulation of air within the pleural space

88
Q

Popliteal fossa

A

The space behind the knee

89
Q

Posterior triangle

A

The area of the neck containing the lymph nodes, brachial plexus, spinal accessory nerve, and a portion of the subclavian artery

90
Q

Protons

A

Single, positively charged particles inside the nucleus of an atom

91
Q

Protoplasm

A

A viscous liquid matrix that supports all internal cellular structures and provides a medium for intracellular transport; also called cytoplasm

92
Q

Pseudostratified epithelium

A

A single layer of epithelial cells of varying heights, all of which attached to the basement membrane, but all do not reach the free surface

93
Q

Remodeling

A

The ongoing process of cell renewal or some cells actively dividing during life and others die and are replaced by new cells

94
Q

Retroperitoneal organs

A

The organs (kidneys, pancreas, and duodenum) and major blood vessels located in the retroperitoneal space

95
Q

Ribonucleic acid (RNA)

A

A nucleic acid associated with controlling cellular activities

96
Q

Ribosomes

A

Organelles that contain RNA and proteins

97
Q

Selective permeability

A

The ability of the cell membrane to selectively allow compounds into the cell based on the cells current needs

98
Q

Semipermeable

A

The property of the cell membrane that describes the ability to allow certain elements to pass through while not allowing others to do so

99
Q

Serous membrane

A

Membrane that lines body cavities that line openings to the outside

100
Q

Serum osmolality

A

The number of osmotically active particles in serum

101
Q

Sex cells

A

Germ (reproductive) cells; in males they are known as sperm and and females they are known as Oocytes (eggs)

102
Q

Simple epithelium

A

A single layer of cells, all of which are in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell

103
Q

Skeletal muscle tissue

A

Voluntary muscle tissue attached to bone and composed of long threadlike cells that have light and dark striations

104
Q

Skull

A

The protective vault that houses the brain and is composed of the cranium and facial bones

105
Q

Sodium potassium exchange pump

A

A mechanism that uses active transport to move sodium out of the cells and potassium into the cells

106
Q

Solutes

A

Dissolved particles, such as salts, contained in the solvent

107
Q

Somatic cells

A

All of the other cells in the human body besides the sex cells

108
Q

Spinal cavity

A

The spinal column or vertebral canal, housing the spinal cord

109
Q

Spindle fibers

A

Microtubules radiating from the centrioles

110
Q

Squamous epithelium

A

Flat sheets of epithelial tissue

111
Q

Stratified epithelium

A

More than one layer of cells, only one of which is in contact with the basement membrane of the epithelial cell

112
Q

striated

A

Muscle tissue that has microscopic bands and may be either voluntary, such as leg muscles, or involuntary, such as cardiac muscle

113
Q

Tachycardia

A

A rapid pulse rate

114
Q

Tachypnea

A

A rapid respiratory rate

115
Q

Tissues

A

Groups of similar cells that work together

116
Q

Transitional epithelium

A

Tissue that changes in appearance due to tension; it lines the urinary bladder, ureters, superior urethra

117
Q

Umbilicus

A

The navel

118
Q

Vertebral column

A

The spine or primary support structure of the body that houses the spinal cord and the peripheral nerves

119
Q

Visceral portion

A

The portion of the serous membrane that covers the outside of an internal organ

AAOS Anatomy and Physiology Vocabulary (13 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions